{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T18:14:53Z","timestamp":1789150493153,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Challenges"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Breast cancer poses significant health risks to women and strains healthcare systems extensively. In low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries (LMICs), limited resources and inadequate healthcare infrastructures further exacerbate the challenges of breast cancer prevention, treatment, and awareness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We examined the prevalence, risk factors, and trends of breast cancer in LMICs. Data on disability\u2010adjusted life years (DALYs) and breast cancer risk factors were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) databases for 203 countries or territories from 1990 to 2019. LMIC DALY rates were examined using joinpoint regression analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among the income groups, the lower middle\u2010income category had the highest DALYs value, with 1787 years per 100,000 people. LMICs collectively accounted for 74% of the global burden of DALYs lost due to breast cancer in 2019. However, it remained relatively consistent in lower middle income countries (LMCs). In LMCs, the risk associated with metabolic syndromes was higher compared to that with behavioral factors alone. For the past three decades, breast cancer incidences increased significantly in LMCs (average annual percent change [AAPC]: 1.212, confidence intervals [CI]: 1.51\u20131.87, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), upper middle income countries (AAPC: 1.701, CI: 1.12\u20131.48, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), and low\u2010income countries (AAPC: 1.002, CI: 1.57\u20131.68, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This research shows how breast cancer in LMICs is aggravated by low resources and healthcare infrastructure. To effectively combat breast cancer in these areas, future strategies must prioritize improvements in healthcare infrastructure, awareness campaigns, and early detection mechanisms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/puh2.223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T14:55:34Z","timestamp":1722264934000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Disease Burden, Risk Factors, and Temporal Trends in Breast Cancer in Low\u2010 and Middle\u2010Income Countries: A Global Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Mingjun","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care Faculty of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"},{"name":"Adam Smith Business School College of Social Science University of Glasgow  Glasgow 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and Primary Care Faculty of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences University of Ottawa  Ottawa Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sze Chai","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care Faculty of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shui Hang","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care Faculty of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2381-0984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusuff Adebayo","family":"Adebisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Population Health University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire Chenwen","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care Faculty of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2179-6365","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"III","given":"Don Eliseo","family":"Lucero\u2010Prisno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Development London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin CS","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care Faculty of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"},{"name":"Centre for Health Education and Health Promotion Faculty of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2382-4443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junjie","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care Faculty of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"},{"name":"Centre for Health Education and Health Promotion Faculty of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Global Health Focus Epidemiology Group 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