{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:53:24Z","timestamp":1791899604662,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Public Health Challenges"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Workplace violence (WPV) against healthcare workers (HCWs) is a growing global issue. During the coronavirus diseases\u20102019 (COVID\u201019) pandemic, violent attacks on HCWs have been documented worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the magnitude and pattern of WPV among HCWs in Sudan during the COVID\u201019 pandemic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A web\u2010based cross\u2010sectional study of WPV was conducted among registered medical and health workers (pharmacists, physicians, dentists, nurses, laboratory technicians, and administrative and paramedical staff) during the COVID\u201019 pandemic in Sudan. Data were collected from August to December 2021 using a self\u2010administered questionnaire distributed through social media platforms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 792 HCWs returned the online questionnaire. The mean age was 33.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a08.6 years, where more than half were females (54.9%) and working during the day shift (58.8%). During the COVID\u201019 pandemic, three out of every four participants (78.3%) reported experiencing violence, with 65.8 % experiencing it more than three times. The common types of violence experienced were verbal (91.6%), physical (50.0%), and sexual abuse (11.0%). The emergency department reported the highest number of\u00a0violent incidents (46.9%). Half of these violent events were not reported (50.3%), primarily due to a lack of a reporting system. The demographic factors that were significantly associated with exposure to violence were participants\u2019 occupation (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), age (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.001), marital status (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.002), and years of working experience (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.020).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>WPV was rampant among the HCWs in Sudan during the COVID\u201019 pandemic. The current findings are presented to draw the attention of policy leaders and stakeholders in Sudan to this alarming problem prompting the pressing need for policy and system interventions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/puh2.31","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T17:33:23Z","timestamp":1667410403000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Workplace violence against healthcare workers during the COVID\u201019 pandemic in Sudan: A cross\u2010sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3649-0374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasir Ahmed Mohammed","family":"Elhadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Medical Research Office, Sudanese Medical Research Association  Khartoum Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6386-1682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hammad Mohamed Hammad","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Al\u2010Mana General Hospital  Al\u2010Jubail Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelmuniem","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Department Faculty of Medicine University of Gezira  Wad Medani Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Islam Hamza","family":"Haroun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences Omdurman Islamic University  Omdurman Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Hassan","family":"Hag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Ministry of Health  Khartoum Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehssan","family":"Farouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Ministry of Health  Khartoum Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moaaz","family":"Almadani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Ministry of Health  Khartoum Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alanood Elnaeem","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy University of Science and Technology  Khartoum Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6930-9004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed Fathelrahman","family":"Adam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy University of Science and Technology  Khartoum Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osman S.","family":"Abdelhamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Ahfad University for Women  Omdurman Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elhadi Basheer","family":"Salih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Ministry of Health  Khartoum Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9334-0909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sahar Khalid","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Ministry of Health  Khartoum Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Osman Omer","family":"Sanosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Public Health University of Shendi  Shendi Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/S\u20100041\u20101726137"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0245192"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","article-title":"Guidelines for preventing workplace violence for health care and social service workers","volume":"66","author":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)","year":"1997","journal-title":"Prairie Rose"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/OEMED\u20102019\u2010105849"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S11356\u2010021\u201015112\u2010W"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/PAMJ.2017.26.21.10837"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1735\u20109066.180387"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(20)31858\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","unstructured":"International Committee of the Red Cross.ICRC: 600 Violent Incidents against Health Workers. Accessed March 2 2022.https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/en\/document\/icrc\u2010600\u2010violent\u2010incidents\u2010recorded\u2010against\u2010healthcare\u2010providers\u2010patients\u2010due\u2010covid\u201019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","unstructured":"National Nurses United.National Nurse Survey Exposes Hospitals\u2019 Knowing Failure to Prepare for a Covid\u201019 Surge during Flu Season.2020. Accessed March 2 2022.https:\/\/www.nationalnursesunited.org\/press\/national\u2010nurse\u2010survey\u20104\u2010exposes\u2010hospitals\u2010knowing\u2010failure\u2010prepare\u2010covid\u201019\u2010surge"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/AOGH.3203"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trab016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","unstructured":"Sudan Doctors Welcome New Law That Protects Them2020. Accessed March 2 2022.https:\/\/www.dabangasudan.org\/en\/all\u2010news\/article\/sudan\u2010doctors\u2010welcome\u2010new\u2010law\u2010that\u2010protects\u2010them"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18502\/SJMS.V16I2.9296"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37765\/AJMC.2020.88543"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5430870"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JEMERMED.2015.02.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.AMSU.2022.103727"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/JFMPC.JFMPC_1790_20"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0254401"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19338244.2021.1982854"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GaafarN HemmedaL Violence against healthcare workers in haj el\u2010safi teaching hospital Sudan: a cross\u2010sectional study. Published online July 5 2022. doi:10.21203\/RS.3.RS\u20101815105\/V1","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1815105\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JCLINEPI.2007.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/BS12040106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ByonHD SagherianKet\u00a0al. Nurses\u2019 experience with type II workplace violence and underreporting during the COVID\u201019 pandemic. Published online August 3 2021.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/21650799211031233","DOI":"10.1177\/21650799211031233"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/JFCM.JFCM_170_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0253398"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S279170"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FPSYT.2021.649989\/BIBTEX"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/BMJQS\u20102019\u2010010179"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(22)00319\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S12912\u2010015\u20100062\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2016\/22306.8895"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S12960\u2010015\u20100018\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JCJQ.2021.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMRA1501998\/SUPPL_FILE\/NEJMRA1501998_DISCLOSURES.PDF"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IJNSS.2020.11.006"}],"container-title":["Public Health Challenges"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/puh2.31","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/puh2.31","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/puh2.31","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]],"date-time":"2023-08-19T20:13:56Z","timestamp":1692476036000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/puh2.31"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/puh2.31"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/puh2.31","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2769-2450","2769-2450"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2769-2450","type":"print"},{"value":"2769-2450","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]},"article-number":"e31"}}