{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T21:22:30Z","timestamp":1790025750363,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Challenges"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Counterfeit travel vaccination certificates pose a significant threat to public health and compromise disease control measures. We investigated the self\u2010reported vaccination status, the validity of yellow fever vaccine (YFV) certificates (ICVPs), and knowledge and perception about the disease and its vaccine among Sudanese travelers departing through the Khartoum International Airport (KIA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a cross\u2010sectional survey using a non\u2010probability convenience sampling technique among Sudanese travelers departing through KIA between October and November 2021. We assessed the self\u2010reported uptake of YFV and subsequently verified the ICVPs among those reported to be vaccinated. We also assessed participants\u2019 knowledge about the disease in addition to their knowledge and perception of YFV.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Four hundred travelers were interviewed. Most participants (88.0%) reported being vaccinated. However, two\u2010thirds of their ICVPs (63.0%) were counterfeit. More than one\u2010third of the participants (35.3%) had poor knowledge of YF and YFV. Carrying a valid ICVP was associated with participants' overall good level of knowledge about YFV (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.030), knowledge about the nature of infection (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010value\u00a0=\u00a00.008), disease transmission (<jats:italic>p\u00a0=<\/jats:italic>\u00a00.016) and prevention (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.028), and countries that require a mandatory YFV proof (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.005). Many participants perceived YFV as important (93.3%), safe (86.5%), and effective (82.0%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The proportion of counterfeit ICVPs was high. Many of the participants had a poor level of knowledge about YF and YFV. Counterfeit ICVPs have grievous implications for YF prevention and control in Sudan and other countries. There is an urgent need to revisit the implementation of the International Health Regulations in Sudan to leverage recent technological advancements in immunization information systems such as electronic certification.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/puh2.45","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T19:25:29Z","timestamp":1670441129000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The global health challenge of counterfeit vaccination certificates: The case of yellow fever vaccination among travelers departing from Khartoum International Airport in Sudan"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Razan Osman","family":"Abdalla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Department School of Health Sciences Ahfad University for Women  Omdurman Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salwa Abdulrahman","family":"Yousif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Department School of Health Sciences Ahfad University for Women  Omdurman Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Tagelsir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacy Division Aldoha Specialized Hospital  Khartoum Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwa","family":"Akola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Training and Research Unit Nutrition and Health Center for Training and Research Ahfad University for Women  Omdurman Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaa","family":"Almaleeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Training and Research Unit Nutrition and Health Center for Training and Research Ahfad University for Women  Omdurman Sudan"},{"name":"MSc Biotechnology Program School of Pharmacy Ahfad University for Women  Omdurman Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasir Ahmed Mohammed","family":"Elhadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Department Sudanese Medical Research Association  Khartoum Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majdi M.","family":"Sabahelzain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Department School of Health Sciences Ahfad University for Women  Omdurman Sudan"},{"name":"Public Health Training and Research Unit Nutrition and Health Center for Training and Research Ahfad University for Women  Omdurman Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2016.1218100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1708\u20108305.2008.00217.X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/JTM\/TAW035"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S12879\u2010021\u201006728\u2010X\/FIGURES\/4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2021.1891752"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541\u2010020\u20100205\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/AJTMH.15\u20100510"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/JTM\/TAAA152"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","unstructured":"Travellers with forged yellow fever cards intercepted | Monitor. [cited 8 Nov 2022]. Available:https:\/\/www.monitor.co.ug\/uganda\/news\/national\/travellers\u2010with\u2010forged\u2010yellow\u2010fever\u2010cards\u2010intercepted\u20101672568"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(19)31670\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Fighting fake immunization travel certificates with frontier technologies | WHO | Regional Office for Africa. 2020 Oct. 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