{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:24:16Z","timestamp":1792002256590,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Challenges"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The occurrence of multidrug\u2010resistant (MDR) Enterobacteriaceae\u2010producing extended\u2010spectrum \u03b2\u2010lactamases (ESBLs) and\/or carbapenemases is increasingly reported in clinical and environmental settings. Here, we aimed to investigate the resistance profile of gram\u2010negative bacterial isolates from urban and environmental wastewater in Djibouti.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty\u2010five wastewater samples were collected from eight different locations of Djibouti. After bacterial culture on selective media for gram\u2010negative bacteria (GNB), obtained isolates were identified using matrix\u2010assisted laser desorption\/ionization time\u2010of\u2010flight (MALDI\u2010TOF) mass spectrometry. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion and\n                      <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010test methods. Standard PCR and Sanger sequencing were used to investigate antibiotic resistance genes, including \u03b2\u2010lactamases, carbapenemases, and colistin resistance genes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eleven MDR gram\u2010negative isolates were identified from the 25 water samples collected, including six\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      , one\n                      <jats:italic>Enterobacter cloacae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and four\n                      <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates. Interestingly, the pandemic ESBL gene\n                      <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>CTX\u2010M\u201015<\/jats:sub>\n                      was detected in 9 of the 11 (81.8%) from both urban and environmental water samples. In addition, the carbapenemase gene\n                      <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>OXA\u201048<\/jats:sub>\n                      was identified in 4 of the 11 strains (36.4%), including two\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>one K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and one\n                      <jats:italic>E. cloacae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , all from urban wastewater, particularly hospital water samples.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For the first time, we describe here MDR\u2010GNB bacterial isolates from urban and environmental wastewater in Djibouti. To date, carbapenem\u2010resistant isolates have only been present in hospital wastewater. Regular surveillance policies, consistent with the \u201cOne Health\u201d approach, are recommended to prevent the spread and monitor the evolution of antibiotic resistance in the environment and within the Djiboutian community.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/puh2.70139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T14:18:16Z","timestamp":1759587496000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Environmental Dissemination of Multidrug\u2010Resistant Gram\u2010Negative Pathogens in Djibouti's Wastewaters"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Ayan Ali","family":"Ragueh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Djibouti Campus Balbala Croisement RN2\u2010RN5  Balbala Djibouti"},{"name":"Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, MEPHI, Facult\u00e9 de Pharmacie, IHU\u2010M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection Marseille France"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Biologie M\u00e9dicale Mer\u2010Rouge  Rue de Moscou Djibouti"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim S.","family":"Abdallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Djibouti Campus Balbala Croisement RN2\u2010RN5  Balbala Djibouti"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachid M.","family":"Mouhoumed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Djibouti Campus Balbala Croisement RN2\u2010RN5  Balbala Djibouti"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed H.","family":"Aboubaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biologie M\u00e9dicale Mer\u2010Rouge  Rue de Moscou Djibouti"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6466-2324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seydina M.","family":"Diene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, MEPHI, Facult\u00e9 de Pharmacie, IHU\u2010M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection Marseille France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11050667"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2025.101969"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000001165"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229451"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000236"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2017.04.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/washdev.2020.086"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w16223179"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10040374"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1193907"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JHIN.2021.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SCITOTENV.2020.140804"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120185"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. 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Encourage Pharmaceutical Manufacturers to Adopt Sustainable and Environmentally Friendly Practices in Antibiotic Production \u201d inConference: AMR Symposia(AMR 2024) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.12086.47684.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enceco.2022.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.WATRES.2014.02.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/IJERPH17041183"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENVPOL.2019.113143"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ANTIBIOTICS8030122"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.10.127"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/PATHOGENS8040174"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/IJERPH18168264"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/MDR.2012.0264"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S11356\u2010017\u20100686\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MSYSTEMS.01019\u201021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00230\u201022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01021\u201018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104\u2010018\u20103622\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756\u20100500\u20107\u2010215"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0310026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168264"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00760\u201023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nexres.2025.100436"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.1403"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clwat.2025.100076"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010024\u201076824\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H.Qamar T.Hussain andS.Javed. \u201cUrban Wastewater as Environmental Reservoirs of Multidrug\u2010Resistance Enterobacteriaceae During the COVID\u201019 Pandemic in India \u201d preprint medRxiv January 01 2025 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.01.01.24319799.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.01.01.24319799"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3934\/microbiol.2024018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2021.1940884"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SCITOTENV.2016.01.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NMNI.2020.100803"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ANTIBIOTICS12101494"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ECOENV.2020.110767"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0254753"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/LAMBIO\/OVAE090"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/TROPICALMED8040193"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S10661\u2010020\u201008319\u2010W"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENVINT.2024.108554"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/MICROORGANISMS11061595"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ANTIBIOTICS12071132"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","unstructured":"ACAPS Breifing note(2023) https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/djibouti\/acaps\u2010briefing\u2010note\u2010djibouti\u2010drought\u201010\u2010march\u20102023."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","unstructured":"Matrice de suivi des deplacements (DTM). 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