{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T06:03:06Z","timestamp":1784268186132,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Challenges"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Zoonotic diseases account for over \u223c60% of infectious diseases and present a significantly growing fatality threat in Africa. Live and wet markets (LWMs) in Africa function as key economic venues that support human livelihoods through social interaction and trade in food stuff, including meat and other animal\u2010based products. These spaces concentrate and exaggerate human and animal contact, creating conditions conducive to zoonotic spill\u2010over events. This narrative review, based on an opportunistic literature identification process, summarizes the diversity of ticks and tick\u2010borne pathogens (TTBPs) associated with carcasses at African LWMs, as well as the awareness, perceptions, and control practices of stakeholders along the meat value chain. Findings show pervasive infestations by\n                    <jats:italic>Amblyomma<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Rhipicephalus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Hyalomma<\/jats:italic>\n                    ; limited reports of\n                    <jats:italic>Haemaphysalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Ixodes<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Demacentor<\/jats:italic>\n                    species; along with the circulation of\n                    <jats:italic>Rickettsia africae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , Crimean\u2010Congo hemorrhagic fever virus,\n                    <jats:italic>Anaplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., and\n                    <jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Surveillance efforts remain geographically patchy, with strong bias towards East and West Africa. The knowledge of tick\u2010borne zoonotic diseases is poor and shaped by sociodemographic factors, like education and occupational roles. Control measures, where practiced, are inconsistently applied and inadequate. Collectively, these findings flag African LWMs as understudied epidemiologically permeable hubs, with potential implications in the ecology of tick\u2010borne zoonotic diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/puh2.70261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T14:31:21Z","timestamp":1777645881000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tick\u2010Tac\u2010Foe: When Ticks, Trade, and Zoonotic Pathogens Align in African Wet Meat Markets"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4518-8748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allen Takudzwa","family":"Munaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Chinhoyi University of Technology  Chinhoyi Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2001.0888"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/bjvm.v9i2.13451"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/zoonoticdis4010002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.azn.2025.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02897701"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/zoonoticdis3040021"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11113026"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12060797"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586\u2010018\u201004486\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007485300042139"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442\u2010012\u20102511\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007485312000557"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071\u2010016\u20101655\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393\u2010013\u20100850\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12040364"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s1751731112001954"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/2352631901804010001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46909\/alse\u2010564112"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcosc.2024.1481791"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893\u2010024\u201001494\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1196044"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249\u2010024\u201001252\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2021.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2021.05.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/11477"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/puh2.70096"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fshw.2016.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00439339.2022.2092437"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0030605322000096"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","first-page":"52","article-title":"A Survey on Tick Species Infesting Domestic Birds Sold at Sokoto Central Market, Nigeria","volume":"7","author":"Bunza M. D. A.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Species Diversity, Distribution and Predilection Sites of Ticks (Acarina: Ixodidae) on Trade Cattle at Enugu and Anambra States, South\u2010Eastern Nigeria","volume":"9","author":"Ikpeze O.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Zoologist (The)"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467\u20109655.12035"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003792"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12094"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11648\/j.aje.20170101.12"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105388"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13911"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10030258"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12589"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12020348"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/eajbsz.2022.227658"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2010.10.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/194008291400700103"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493\u2010023\u201000829\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9020438"},{"issue":"109","key":"e_1_2_13_49_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Tick Population on Large and Small Ruminant Species in the Port\u2010Bou\u0117t Cattle Market in Abidjan, Ivory Coast","volume":"30","author":"Yao\u2010Acapovi G. L.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Livestock Research for Rural Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V.Lorusso B.Almatroud R. N.Wizike et\u00a0al. Equid\u2011Associated Ticks and Tick\u2011Borne Pathogens in North\u2011Eastern Nigeria [Preprint](SSRN 2022) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4279485.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4279485"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(20)30211\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2018025"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.02.08.25321724"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2016.1951"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24018\/ejmed.2019.1.4.72"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2021.101756"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15061140"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011\u2010019\u201001953\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/jep.2014.56058"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/jabb\/2017\/34593"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2110.150623"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0298929"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(13)61904\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0375\u20106742(95)00008\u2010d"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wsb.988"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70030"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/njpar.v38i1.23"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2012.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493\u2010009\u20109332\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182015000013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/jesp.2017.77797"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2024.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2812.221183"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1055\u20107903(02)00374\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13110897"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/sokjvs.v20i4.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.13291"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2014.1578"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493\u2010020\u201000555\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0241"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713\u201047\u20102\u2010548"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimc.2017.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2024.101089"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475\u2010021\u201000235\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879\u2010016\u20101660\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47665\/tb.41.s.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/jvmah2017.0623"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1606.090175"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756\u20103305\u20106\u2010103"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14\u20100372"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2022.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917\u2010020\u201002598\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2022.105708"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879\u2010024\u201010437\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abp8715"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393\u2010012\u20100807\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2024.100228"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12010002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011107"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1199664"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261601"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2014.14174"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010511"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.9229"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42269\u2010020\u201000461\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2020.e00169"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23311932.2022.2082058"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8647919"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/njpar.v44i2.10"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2022.101925"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889\u2010022\u201013989\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362\u2010028x.jfp\u201015\u2010342"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362\u2010028x.jfp\u201013\u2010286"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20101795.2006.00030.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113358"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362\u2010028x\u201066.1.130"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947\u2010010\u20100343\u20103"}],"container-title":["Public Health Challenges"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/puh2.70261","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/puh2.70261","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/puh2.70261","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T05:08:20Z","timestamp":1784264900000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/puh2.70261"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/puh2.70261"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/puh2.70261","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2769-2450","2769-2450"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2769-2450","type":"print"},{"value":"2769-2450","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70261"}}