{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T06:03:27Z","timestamp":1784268207563,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Challenges"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The 2023 Marburg virus disease (MVD) outbreak in Tanzania, which resulted in nine confirmed cases and six deaths (case fatality rate [CFR]: 66.7%), served as a critical stress test of the national health system, revealing significant gaps in outbreak preparedness across surveillance, laboratory capacity, and infection prevention and control (IPC). This narrative review examines how Tanzania's public health response evolved between the 2023 and subsequent 2025 outbreak and assesses how response strategies changed between the two outbreaks. The 2025 outbreak was limited to two confirmed cases with no further transmission, a marked contrast to the 2023 outbreak. Between the two outbreaks, Tanzania implemented several critical interventions, including expansions of PCR diagnostic capacity, integration of electronic tracing modules, and public health communication strategies. This review synthesizes publicly available reports from the World Health Organization (WHO), Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), the Tanzanian Ministry of Health, and peer\u2010reviewed literature, and analysis focuses on three major response domains: infectious disease surveillance, IPC, and public health education as key factors associated with Tanzania's progress. The rapid containment of the 2025 outbreak suggests meaningful progress in Tanzania's public health capabilities and the need for continued, sustained investment in integrated surveillance systems and IPC infrastructure to maintain resilience against future outbreaks. Tanzania's adaptation and multi\u2010level interventions between 2023 and 2025 provide a model for regional health security in Africa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/puh2.70266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T10:31:56Z","timestamp":1777545116000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Infectious Disease Response in Tanzania: Enhanced Strategies From the 2023 to 2025 Marburg Outbreaks"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Huda","family":"Haque","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Global Health Institute  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faraan O.","family":"Rahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sameer","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Champaign Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0459-6683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nam","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Diego  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9394-5399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erick","family":"Mahatara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine KCMC University  Moshi Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Global Health Institute  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0900-2937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ntuli A.","family":"Kapologwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East, Central and Southern Africa\u2013Health Community (ECSA\u2013HC)  Arusha Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","volume-title":"Marburg Virus Disease","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","volume-title":"Marburg Virus Disease\u2014United Republic of Tanzania","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","volume-title":"Marburg Virus Disease\u2013United Republic of Tanzania","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","volume-title":"Tanzania Confirms Outbreak of Marburg Virus Disease","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","volume-title":"WHO Ramps up Support for Tanzania's Marburg Outbreak Response","author":"World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","volume-title":"Response to Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak in Tanzania\u20132025","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","volume-title":"WHO and USAID Hand Over Renovated Isolation Unit for Early Detection and Prevention of Public Health Outbreaks","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","volume-title":"Tanzania Declares Marburg Outbreak: Africa CDC Mobilizes Immediate Response","author":"AfricaCDC","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/gh9.0000000000000186"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","volume-title":"U.S. Pledges $500,000 to Strengthen Tanzania's Defense Against Marburg Virus","author":"United States Agency for International Development","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","volume-title":"Global Health Security Training Enhances Early Detection and Response to Outbreaks in Tanzania","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ms9.0000000000000596"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","article-title":"Tanzania to Recruit Over 150,000 Community Health Workers in Three Years","author":"Nachilongo H.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Citizen"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","volume-title":"Marburg Virus Disease (MVD) Response Plan","author":"The United Republic of TanzaniaThe United Republic of Tanzania","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","volume-title":"Expanding Sustainable Vaccine Manufacturing in Africa: Priorities for Support","author":"Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","unstructured":"\u201cAction Plan to Promote Domestic Medical Products Manufacturing Facilities \u201dTanzania Medicine and Medical Devices Authority (TMDA) accessed January 19 2025 https:\/\/www.tmda.go.tz\/uploads\/publications\/en1662629523\u2010Action%20Plan%20for%20Promotion%20of%20Domestic%20Manufacturers__Final_Doc.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","volume-title":"Community Health Plan for Tanzania Needs $360m for Expansion","author":"Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","volume-title":"Supporting Tanzania's Marburg Survivors","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","volume-title":"Tanzania's Successful Marburg Outbreak Control Helps Bolster Emergency Preparedness","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.70967"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","unstructured":"Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention Africa CDC Strategic Plan 2023\u20132027(Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention 2023) https:\/\/africacdc.org\/download\/africa\u2010cdc\u2010strategic\u2010plan\u20102023\u20102027\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization International Health Regulations(World Health Organization 2024) https:\/\/www.who.int\/health\u2010topics\/international\u2010health\u2010regulations#tab=tab_1."}],"container-title":["Public Health 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