{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T03:12:34Z","timestamp":1791342754224,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Challenges"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Under\u20105 child mortality due to vaccine preventable diseases (VPDs) contributes to an estimated burden of \u223c5.2 million deaths globally, mostly within low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries (LMICs). Despite ongoing efforts to expand immunisation coverage, gaps in immunisation remain a persistent public health concern, underscoring the need to examine recent trends and determinants of full immunisation in India. The objective of this study is to estimate vaccination coverage and identify factors associated with full immunisation among children aged 12\u201323 months from 2015 to 2021. We utilised the National Family Health Survey\u20104 (NFHS\u20104) and NFHS\u20105 datasets to determine the vaccination status (fully vaccinated\/not fully vaccinated) among children aged 12\u201323 months using multilevel logistic regression analysis. The full vaccination coverage increased from 62.54% [95% CI: 61.81, 63.26] in 2015\u201316 (NFHS\u20104) to 76.81% [95% CI: 76.18, 77.42] in 2019\u201321 (NFHS\u20105). The factors associated with significantly higher odds of full vaccination in both NFHS\u20104 and NFHS\u20105 included higher maternal age and education, higher wealth quintile, having \u22654 antenatal care visits, institutional delivery, pregnancy registration and exposure to media. The lower odds of full immunisation were associated with having more than one child and being Muslim in both NFHS\u20104 and NFHS\u20105. The elimination of rural residence as a significant factor for lower child vaccination odds in NFHS\u20105, a contrast to NFHS\u20104, suggests that national health policies have become more effective at reducing geographical disparities and therefore more equitable. With increasing saturation of vaccination coverage, the government programme needs a specific focus on addressing key determinants associated with vaccine uptake to achieve complete vaccination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/puh2.70329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T15:56:42Z","timestamp":1786463802000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comprehensive Immunisation Among Children Aged 12\u201323 Months in India\u2014A Multilevel Modelling Analysis From the National Family Health Survey (2015\u201321)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Mansi","family":"Malik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Public Health\u2014Delhi Public Health Foundation of India  Delhi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1336-8720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saurav","family":"Basu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine ESIC Medical College and Hospital  Kolkata India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siaa","family":"Girotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Public Health\u2014Delhi Public Health Foundation of India  Delhi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9610-1479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satyajit","family":"Kundu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARCED Foundation  Dhaka Bangladesh"},{"name":"Public Health, School of Medicine and Dentistry Griffith University  Gold Coast Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","unstructured":"CDC Fast Facts on Global Immunization(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2023) https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/globalhealth\/immunization\/data\/fast\u2010facts.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.03.017"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","first-page":"491","article-title":"A Brief History of Vaccines & Vaccination in India","volume":"139","author":"Lahariya C.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","unstructured":"National Health Mission National Immunization Schedule(National Health Mission 2018) https:\/\/nhm.gov.in\/New_Updates_2018\/NHM_Components\/Immunization\/report\/National_%20Immunization_Schedule.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","volume-title":"Operational Guidelines for Introduction of Rotavac 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