{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T14:56:57Z","timestamp":1790607417631,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Challenges"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Poor menstrual hygiene management (MHM) greatly impacts girls\u2019 education negatively\u2014however, studies exploring menstrual health management in sub\u2010Saharan rural region are rare.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study explored MHM practices among adolescent girls in rural Mzimba, \u2074 Malawi.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It was a mixed\u2010methods study with a sample size of 81. Data were collected through questionnaires, direct observations, FGDs, key informants and participant observation that were used to collect the experiences. Qualitative data were analysed using a thematic approach, and quantitative data using SPSS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study results showed that common sanitary facilities were pit latrines (100%), no bathroom during the study period (0%) to be used to bathe and change. Further, the study found that lack of education on menstrual management (96%) and 63% of the respondents cited lack of adequate facilities. The study found lack of water buckets at the toilets (28.1%), and about 23.1% said they did not wash hands because of a lack of handwashing soap. However, the majority of the participants explained that hand washing was not done because of both reasons: lack of water buckets and soap for hand washing (48.8%). Cultural practices promoted absenteeism among young adolescent girls who are prevented from attending school during menstruation to avoid shaming the family.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study recommends compliance with the sanitation policy, that is, school management to invest in the development of facilities and promotion of menstrual hygiene practices through education to curb harmful cultural practices related to menstruation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/puh2.70362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T01:50:21Z","timestamp":1789523421000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Management of Menstrual Hygiene in Promoting Education Among Adolescent Girls in Enqucwini Education Zone in Mzimba District"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3861-7626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sellah Vitumbiko","family":"Nkowani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing and midwifery Mzimba North District Health Office Mzuzu Malawi"},{"name":"Department of Public Health University of Livingstonia  Mzuzu Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benard C. G.","family":"Kamanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health University of Livingstonia  Mzuzu Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zondiwe","family":"Chingati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health University of Livingstonia  Mzuzu Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0011-269X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thokozani","family":"Mzumara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optometry unit Department of curative and rehabilitative services Mzuzu Urban Community Hospital Mzimba North District Health Office Mzuzu Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0321376"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17455057241286245"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","unstructured":"A. S.Masanda Status of Menstrual Hygiene Management Interventions in Schools of Malawi(University of Malawi 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2025.1553101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen\u20102019\u2010031182"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1757975916648301"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889\u2010024\u201018940\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23748834.2021.1916330"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2020.102842"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389\u2010023\u201002008\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jgf2.736"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/j6010009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e15893"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17103468"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","volume-title":"Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Standards for Schools in Low\u2010Cost Settings","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32598\/JNACS.2025.1199"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002842"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","first-page":"85","article-title":"Menstrual Hygiene Is Not Obvious Among Adolescent Girls in Low\u2010Resource Settings: Promoting It Is a Priority","volume":"8","author":"Wafula F.","year":"2026","journal-title":"African Journal of Emerging Issues"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889\u2010026\u201026331\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indic.2026.101227"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3362\/1756-3488.2015.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978\u2010017\u20100435\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35877\/454RI.mattawang908"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235339"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","unstructured":"D. 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