{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T14:56:39Z","timestamp":1790607399414,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Challenges"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of global mortality, and the burden is rising fastest in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries (LMICs). Conventional risk calculators, such as Framingham and Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE), incorporate age, blood pressure, cholesterol, diabetes and smoking, yet they underperform in populations that differ from their derivation cohorts and leave substantial residual risk unexplained. This narrative review evaluates traditional risk factors alongside emerging tools, including coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring, polygenic risk scores (PRS) and inflammatory biomarkers such as high\u2010sensitivity C\u2010reactive protein (hsCRP) and interleukin\u20106. It examines the contribution of lifestyle and environmental exposures\u2014chronic stress, physical inactivity, and air pollution\u2014to inflammatory and atherogenic pathways and considers the role of imaging, molecular biomarkers, and artificial intelligence (AI)\u2010assisted algorithms in risk stratification. Management strategies combining pharmacological therapy (statins, antihypertensives and antidiabetic agents) with individualised de\u2010escalation, lifestyle modification and precision medicine are summarised. Rather than describing each tool in isolation, this review compares them directly on incremental predictive value, cost, infrastructure requirements, equity implications and readiness for routine implementation, and proposes a stepwise pathway for integrating them into cardiovascular risk assessment. Particular attention is given to feasibility in resource\u2010constrained health systems, where most of the global CVD burden now falls. We conclude that the near\u2010term public health gain lies less in broad adoption of novel tests than in their selective use where they change management, coupled with stronger delivery of established, low\u2010cost preventive care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/puh2.70378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T01:15:46Z","timestamp":1789521346000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrating Conventional and Emerging Approaches in Cardiovascular Risk Assessment and Management"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8955-5034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sana","family":"Rasheed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinnah Sindh Medical University (SMC)  Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5509-7137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azka","family":"Mujeeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinnah Sindh Medical University (SMC)  Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1620-3637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Misbah","family":"Sarfraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinnah Sindh Medical University (SMC)  Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8614-3924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abedin","family":"Samadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kabul University of Medical Sciences Abu Ali Sina  Kabul Afghanistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2930-8188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed Asad","family":"Raza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinnah Sindh Medical University (SMC)  Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) (World Health Organization 2025) https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\u2010room\/fact\u2010sheets\/detail\/cardiovascular\u2010diseases\u2010(cvds)."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000659"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization HEARTS: Technical Package for Cardiovascular Disease Management in Primary Health Care(World Health Organization 2020) https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240001367."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.699579"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195\u2010668X(03)00114\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i2416"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.11.005"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_15_10_1","first-page":"564","article-title":"Accuracy of the Pooled Cohort Risk Equations Using Electronic Health Records","volume":"67","author":"Rana J. 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