{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T16:53:45Z","timestamp":1791132825725,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791072000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Challenges"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The effective delivery of adolescent and reproductive health (ARH) education in rural Bangladeshi schools is influenced by factors extending beyond curriculum content, including teacher preparedness, classroom interactions, gender norms, and the broader social environment. This qualitative study examined how teachers and students experienced the delivery and discussion of ARH topics in rural secondary schools, drawing on the Health Belief Model (HBM) and Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) as interpretive frameworks. Data were collected through 18 in\u2010depth interviews with teachers and nine focus group discussions involving 54 students from six secondary schools across three rural districts. Thematic analysis identified substantial variation in teachers\u2019 confidence and instructional practices, with training and administrative support associated with greater willingness to discuss sensitive topics and use participatory teaching approaches. Students\u2019 engagement was shaped by gendered classroom dynamics, perceived approachability of teachers, and concerns about embarrassment. When students perceived communication with teachers as difficult, they frequently sought information from peers and online sources, despite uncertainty about the reliability of such information. Teachers also described adapting their instructional practices to navigate cultural sensitivities, whereas parental concerns, community expectations, curriculum limitations, and inconsistent school\u2010level support continued to constrain classroom discussion. Viewed through HBM and SCT, these findings illustrate how perceived barriers, self\u2010efficacy, social reinforcement, modeling, and institutional conditions interact in shaping ARH education. Strengthening teacher training, school leadership support, student\u2010centered communication, and community engagement may improve the delivery of ARH education in rural Bangladeshi schools.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/puh2.70405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T16:41:58Z","timestamp":1791132118000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond the Textbook: An HBM and SCT Analysis of Adolescent Reproductive Health Education in Rural Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6948-0761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Motasim","family":"Billah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication North Dakota State University  Fargo North Dakota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2974-0768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Forhad","family":"Uddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mass Communication and Journalism University of Barishal  Barishal Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","volume-title":"Bangladesh Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2025: Final Report","author":"Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, & UNICEF Bangladesh","year":"2026"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","volume-title":"Education, Health & Behavior Studies Student Publications (2)","author":"Akhter S.","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Exploring Adolescent Reproductive Health Knowledge, Perceptions, and Behavior Among Students of Non\u2010Government Secondary Schools Supported by BRAC Mentoring Program in Rural Bangladesh","volume":"1","author":"Aktar B.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Asian Midwives"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","unstructured":"F.Haseen C. P.Larson Q.Nahar et\u00a0al. \u201cEvaluation of a School\u2010Based Sexual and Reproductive Health Education Intervention Among Adolescents in Rural Bangladesh \u201d Working Paper No. 160 (icddr b 2004)."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","unstructured":"Q.Nahar C.Tu\u00f1\u00f3n I.Houvras et\u00a0al. \u201cReproductive Health Needs of Adolescents in Bangladesh: A Study Report \u201d Working Paper No. 161 (icddr b 1999)."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(18)30293\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","volume-title":"World Population Situation Report","author":"UNFPA","year":"2014"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Empowerment of School Teachers on Adolescent Reproductive Health Education","volume":"16","author":"Sadan V.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Continuing Nursing Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Association of Sociocultural and Demographic Factors on Attitudes of Teaching Sexual and Reproductive Health in Science and Health Science Teachers in Dehiowita Educational Zone in Kegalle District, Sri Lanka","volume":"4","author":"Shahani M. A.","year":"2022","journal-title":"KDU Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.2190\/G52U-1301-2444-0138","article-title":"Reproductive and Sexual Health Education for Adolescents in Bangladesh: Parents' View and Opinion","volume":"25","author":"Rob U.","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Quarterly of Community Health Education"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2021.1955492"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/109019817400200403"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0310779"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198104263660"},{"issue":"38","key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(11)38577-1","article-title":"Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in Public Health Education","volume":"19","author":"Allotey P.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reproductive Health Matters"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","volume-title":"Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory","author":"Strauss A.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-1767(85)90062-8","volume-title":"Naturalistic Inquiry","author":"Lincoln Y. 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F.","year":"2018"}],"container-title":["Public Health Challenges"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/puh2.70405","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/puh2.70405","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/puh2.70405","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T16:42:00Z","timestamp":1791132120000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/puh2.70405"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/puh2.70405"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/puh2.70405","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2769-2450","2769-2450"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2769-2450","type":"print"},{"value":"2769-2450","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-25","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70405"}}