{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:57:56Z","timestamp":1787065076154,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of the present study is to investigate the ionization mechanisms for atmospheric pressure surface ionization (APSI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>APSI of carbaryl, papaverine, cocaine, morphine, and triethylamine using heated surface\u2010oxidized metal filaments of W, Re, Pd, Mo, Ti, and SUS304 were measured by mass spectrometry. Low\u2010volatility analytes dissolved in methanol were desorbed by Leidenfrost phenomenon\u2010assisted thermal desorption and introduced to the heated metal filament used as an emitter. Alkylamine benzene solutions were simply placed 10\u2009mm below the filament.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Carbaryl, papaverine, cocaine, and morphine (M) gave protonated molecules [M+H]\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      with little fragment ions. Triethylamine (TEA) gave both [TEA+H]\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      and [TEA\u2212H]\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Because [M+H]\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      was detected with little [M\u2212H]\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      , which is usually detected as a major ion by vacuum surface ionization (VSI), it was concluded that [M+H]\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      is formed by the proton transfer reaction between the protonated filament surface and the gas\u2010phase analyte molecules approaching the solid surface. Namely, the heated metal filament acts as a Br\u00f8nsted acid. This idea is supported by the APSI for TEA.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.10029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T23:17:44Z","timestamp":1742599064000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Surface Ionization of Carbaryl, Papaverine, Cocaine, Morphine, and Triethylamine by Heated Surface\u2010Oxidized Metal Filaments of W, Re, Pd, Mo, Ti, and SUS304 Under Atmospheric Pressure: Ionization Mechanism"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Kenzo","family":"Hiraoka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clean Energy Research Center University of Yamanashi  Kofu Yamanashi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dilshadbek\u00a0T.","family":"Usmanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of ion\u2010Plasma and Laser Technologies  Tashkent Uzbekistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherzod\u00a0M.","family":"Akhmedov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of ion\u2010Plasma and Laser Technologies  Tashkent Uzbekistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Rankin\u2010Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9657-3537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoshi","family":"Ninomiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clean Energy Research Center University of Yamanashi  Kofu Yamanashi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1925.0005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"706","article-title":"Oxidized\u2010Rhenium Thermionic Emitters of Positive Ions","volume":"26","author":"Zandberg E. 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