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To assess if other factors related to reproduction influence Fe and Cu isotope variation in females, we measured Fe and Cu isotope compositions in the bones of chimpanzees and bonobos.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To do this, we optimize the protocol for isolating Fe and Cu (and Zn) from phosphate\u2010rich skeletal materials for further analysis via MC\u2010ICP\u2010MS. Then, we address possible Fe and Cu variation sources in non\u2010menstruating apes (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200926, of which the sex of 10 was obtained by DNA analysis).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The optimized method reduced acid volume by ~14%, and sample preparation time by ~37.5%. We did not find significant sex differences in \u03b4\n                      <jats:sup>56<\/jats:sup>\n                      Fe values (\u0394\n                      <jats:sup>56<\/jats:sup>\n                      Fe\n                      <jats:sub>f\u2010m<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.13\u2030) or \u03b4\n                      <jats:sup>65<\/jats:sup>\n                      Cu values (\u0394\n                      <jats:sup>65<\/jats:sup>\n                      Cu\n                      <jats:sub>f\u2010m<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.33\u2030).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Given the similar \u0394\n                      <jats:sup>56<\/jats:sup>\n                      Fe\n                      <jats:sub>f\u2010m<\/jats:sub>\n                      values between non\u2010menstruating apes and humans, reproductive investment, instead of menstruation alone, is a key factor that drives Fe deficiency in reproductive\u2010aged women and is important to consider with proxies of iron status. Our optimized protocol provides an effective method for exploring iron status in other mammalian species.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.10051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T10:35:13Z","timestamp":1745490913000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Examination of Fe and Cu Isotope Variation in Great Apes Using an Optimized Protocol"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4206-1672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renee\u00a0D.","family":"Boucher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of California  Santa Cruz California USA"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology Dartmouth College  Hanover New Hampshire USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda\u00a0V.","family":"Godfrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Rutgers University  Piscataway New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5510-1114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars","family":"Fehren\u2010Schmitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSC Paleogenomics, Department of Anthropology University of California  California USA"},{"name":"UCSC Genomics Institute University of California  Santa Cruz, California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul\u00a0L.","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of California  Santa Cruz California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.33126"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352\u20103026(24)00318\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22907"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioaa029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201100099"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591\u2010020\u20101040\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmaa060"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C3JA50269D"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22430"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22053"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c1mt00025j"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023\u2010023\u201002619\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb4363"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.12.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abi8202"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12520\u2010016\u20100426\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23132"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12273"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24301"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood\u20102004\u201007\u20102807"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00775\u2010011\u20100851\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0753-3322(03)00012-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2113\/gselements.11.4.265"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27439"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2138\/rmg.2017.82.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47790-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mtomcs\/mfac017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470691854.ch5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2004.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20228"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-007-9120-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/ars107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","first-page":"255","volume-title":"A Human Reproductive Approach to the Study of Infertility in Chimpanzees: An Experience at Leon's Zoological Park, Mexico","author":"Pi\u00f1a\u2010Aguilar R. 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