{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T10:59:47Z","timestamp":1782644387140,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,10]],"date-time":"2013-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1370822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,30]]},"abstract":"\n RATIONALE<\/jats:title>\n \n High\u2010temperature, conversion\u2010reduction (HTC) systems convert hydrogen and oxygen in materials into H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n and CO for\n \u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n H and\n \u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n 18<\/jats:sup>\n O measurements by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. HTC of nitrogen\u2010 and sulfur\u2010bearing materials produces unintended byproduct gases that could affect isotope analyses by: (1) allowing isotope exchange reactions downstream of the HTC reactor, (2) creating isobaric or co\u2010elution interferences, and (3) causing deterioration of the chromatography. This study characterizes these HTC byproducts.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS<\/jats:title>\n \n A HTC system (ThermoFinnigan TC\/EA) was directly connected to a gas chromatograph\/quadrupole mass spectrometer in scan mode (\n m\/z<\/jats:italic>\n 8 to 88) to identify the volatile products generated by HTC at conversion temperatures of 1350\u2009\u00b0C and 1450\u2009\u00b0C for a range of nitrogen\u2010 and sulfur\u2010bearing solids [keratin powder, horse hair, caffeine, ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, urea, and three nitrated organic explosives (PETN, RDX, and TNT)].\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n The prominent HTC byproduct gases include carbon dioxide, hydrogen cyanide, methane, acetylene, and water for all nitrogen\u2010bearing compounds, as well as carbon disulfide, carbonyl sulfide, and hydrogen sulfide for sulfur\u2010bearing compounds. The 1450\u2009\u00b0C reactor temperature reduced the abundance of most byproduct gases, but increased the significant byproduct, hydrogen cyanide. Inclusion of a post\u2010reactor chemical trap containing Ascarite II and Sicapent, in series, eliminated the majority of byproducts.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n This study identified numerous gaseous HTC byproducts. The potential adverse effects of these gases on isotope ratio analyses are unknown but may be mitigated by higher HTC reactor temperatures and purifying the products with a purge\u2010and\u2010trap system or with chemical traps. Published in 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.6608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,11]],"date-time":"2013-06-11T05:13:35Z","timestamp":1370927615000},"page":"1649-1659","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Gaseous byproducts from high\u2010temperature thermal conversion elemental analysis of nitrogen\u2010 and sulfur\u2010bearing compounds with considerations for\n \u03b4<\/i>\n 2<\/sup>\n H and\n \u03b4<\/i>\n 18<\/sup>\n O analyses"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Glendon B.","family":"Hunsinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Counterterrorism and Forensic Science Research Unit FBI Laboratory Quantico VA 22135 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher A.","family":"Tipple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Counterterrorism and Forensic Science Research Unit FBI Laboratory Quantico VA 22135 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Libby A.","family":"Stern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Counterterrorism and Forensic Science Research Unit FBI Laboratory Quantico VA 22135 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2670(95)00468-8","article-title":"On\u2010line determination of \u03b418O values of organic substances","volume":"319","author":"Werner R. 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ThermoFinnigan 2001."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","first-page":"719","volume-title":"Kirk\u2010Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology","author":"Akhavan J.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","unstructured":"D. L.Ornellas.Calorimetric determinations of the heat and products of detonation for explosives: October 1961 to April 1982. 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