{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T18:01:34Z","timestamp":1790704894457,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,13]],"date-time":"2013-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1376352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,15]]},"abstract":"\n RATIONALE<\/jats:title>\n \n The addition of a dopant to an Atmospheric Pressure PhotoIonization (APPI) source of a mass spectrometer has been shown to enhance the degree of analyte ionization. A series of different dopants has been successfully utilized; however, there has been very little published on the characteristics of a good dopant. We have proposed carbon disulfide (CS\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ) as a novel new dopant based on its absorption cross\u2010section for the VUV photon's energy used and its unique gas\u2010phase ion chemistry, notably the fact that it does not contain a proton.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS<\/jats:title>\n \n The ability of CS\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n to enhance the ionization effectiveness of APPI was tested by using a group of compounds that have different proton affinities (PAs) and electron affinities (EAs). These results were compared to results obtained using the commonly used dopants, toluene and anisole. Particular attention was paid to the formation of [M]\n +<\/jats:sup>\n ions relative to [M+H]\n +<\/jats:sup>\n ions. Mass spectra were collected using a Waters Quattro Premier liquid chromatography\/tandem mass spectrometry (LC\/MS\/MS) system equipped with a commercial Photomate\u2122 photoionization source.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n \n The results show that CS\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n increases the ionization efficiency of most of the analytes studied in this work comparably to toluene and anisole. CS\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n promotes both ionization routes of [M]\n +<\/jats:sup>\n and [M+H]\n +<\/jats:sup>\n . In addition, due to the higher ionization energy (IE) of CS\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n (10.01) compared to the IEs of toluene (8.83) and anisole (8.20), CS\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n can enhance the ionization efficiency of analytes that cannot be enhanced with toluene and anisole.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n \n We have determined that CS\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n is a viable dopant for use in APPI sources. For some analytes, significant [M+H]\n +<\/jats:sup>\n ion signals are observed; therefore, the donated proton must come from either water clusters or solvents. In addition, CS\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n promotes the ionization of analytes with low PAs and higher IEs than that of toluene and anisole. Copyright \u00a9 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.6644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,13]],"date-time":"2013-08-13T01:58:39Z","timestamp":1376359119000},"page":"1969-1976","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Carbon disulfide as a dopant in photon\u2010induced chemical ionization mass spectrometry"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Faezeh","family":"Dousty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry, I. K. Barber School of Arts & Sciences University of British Columbia Okanagan Kelowna British Columbia Canada V1V 1\u2009V7"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert T.","family":"O'Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry, I. K. Barber School of Arts & Sciences University of British Columbia Okanagan Kelowna British Columbia Canada V1V 1\u2009V7"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Gahler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Factors Group of Nutritional Companies Inc. 1550 United Boulevard Coquitlam British Columbia Canada V3K 6Y2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hendrik","family":"Kersten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry University of Wuppertal Gau\u00df Strasse 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thorsten","family":"Benter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry University of Wuppertal Gau\u00df Strasse 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0001636"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijms.2007.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1255\/ejms.803"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac034679b"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0300082"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasms.2008.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasms.2009.08.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasms.2007.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac061276d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(02)00882-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-011-4825-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.3051"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf1029652"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2009.07.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2009.04.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1365\/s10337-009-1284-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasms.2008.06.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1044-0305(01)00337-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.328"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es102135n"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.4524"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0502697"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac052213i"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.937"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.1136"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2006.08.091"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10406630902720211"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.1408"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2008.05.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.6250"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2010.09.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.4146"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","article-title":"THF as a new dopant for atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry and comparison to other existing dopants","volume":"229","author":"Cai Y.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Abstr. 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