{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T12:14:18Z","timestamp":1788264858147,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spark plug carbon deposits are closely related to ignition instability and engine malfunction. However, the detailed compositional profiles of deposits formed on failed spark plugs, especially their extractable and thermally releasable organic fractions, remain insufficiently characterized. In this study, carbonaceous deposits collected from failed spark plugs were investigated using pyrolysis\u2010gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py\u2010GC\u2013MS)\u2010based compositional profiling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Py\u2010GC\u2013MS was used as the core analytical method, together with scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy\u2010dispersive X\u2010ray spectroscopy (SEM\u2010EDS) and GC\u2013MS. The deposits showed clear heterogeneity in both morphology and composition. They mainly appeared as powder\u2010like and block\u2010like structures, with local fibrous features.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SEM\u2010EDS showed that the deposits were mainly composed of C and O, with minor amounts of Si, P, S, Ca, Fe, Ni, Cu, and Zn. Cu was locally enriched in the fibrous regions. GC\u2013MS analysis of the solvent\u2010extractable fraction showed that the organic components were mainly distributed in the C10\u2010C20 and C20\u2010C30 ranges. Small amounts of esters, alkenes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were also detected. These results suggest that the deposits were not simply residues of unburned fuel. Py\u2010GC\u2013MS further indicated the presence of nonvolatile and thermally stable precursor materials. Under thermal desorption conditions, medium and high\u2010carbon number alkanes were the major released products. Under high\u2010temperature pyrolysis conditions, the main products were carbon dioxide, cyclic siloxanes, alkenes, and minor aromatic compounds. This suggests that the deposits contained highly transformed organic matter as well as silicon\u2010containing components. Comparative combustion simulation experiments with gasoline and lubricating oil provided further evidence for deposit origin. Gasoline mainly produced aromatic and condensed products. Lubricating oil mainly generated cracked long\u2010chain hydrocarbons and oxygenated degradation products.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, spark plug carbon deposits may be formed through the combined deposition and thermal evolution of fuel combustion products, lubricant\u2010derived degradation products, and possible gum\u2010like intermediates under high\u2010temperature service conditions. This study demonstrates the value of analytical pyrolysis in revealing the chemical nature of spark plug deposits and provides compositional evidence for the interpretation of their possible formation characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.70140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T14:01:32Z","timestamp":1784728892000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Compositional Profiling of Carbonaceous Deposits From Failed Automotive Spark Plugs by Pyrolysis\u2010Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Zhongquan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Doping Control Shanghai University of Sport  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahui","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Doping Control Shanghai University of Sport  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingyuan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Doping Control Shanghai University of Sport  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6337-3774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Doping Control Shanghai University of Sport  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peijie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Doping Control Shanghai University of Sport  Shanghai China"},{"name":"School of Exercise and Health Shanghai University of Sport  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y.Shimanokami M.Ishikawa Y.Matsubara andT.Suzuki \u201cDevelopment of a Wide Range Spark Plug \u201d SAE Technical Paper 2006\u201001\u20100406 (2006).","DOI":"10.4271\/2006-01-0406"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R.C.Beaubier H.Chalk andM.Roench \u201cSpark Plug Problems in Automotive Service \u201d SAE Technical Paper 520063 (1952).","DOI":"10.4271\/520063"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H.N.Metzel \u201cSpark Plug Fouling From a Car Manufacturer's Viewpoint \u201d SAE Technical Paper 520064 (1952).","DOI":"10.4271\/520064"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. 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