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Investigating its metabolome is important for understanding its chemotaxonomic relevance and potential as a source of bioactive compounds.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Leaves and fruits of\n                      <jats:italic>L. peruvianum<\/jats:italic>\n                      were subjected to untargeted metabolomic profiling using high\u2010resolution UHPLC\u2013ESI\u2010Orbitrap\u2010MS\/MS in positive and negative ionization modes. Metabolites were annotated based on accurate mass measurements, isotopic patterns, collision\u2010induced dissociation (CID) fragmentation data, and spectral matching with the Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS), METLIN, and MassBank databases. Structural elucidation employed diagnostic fragmentation pathways, including retro\u2010Diels\u2013Alder (RDA), heterocyclic ring fission (HRF), quinone methide (QM), and benzofuran\u2010forming (BFF) cleavages. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH\u25cf, ABTS\u25cf+, and FRAP assays, while antimicrobial activity and toxicity were assessed through antibacterial testing and the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>Artemia salina<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      lethality assay.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Leaves contained 34 metabolites, mainly flavan\u20103\u2010ols, proanthocyanidins, flavonols, lignans, and isoquinoline alkaloids, whereas fruits were characterized by anthocyanins, organic acids, and polar lipids. Total phenolic content was higher in leaves (292.4\u2009mg GAE\/g) than in fruits (216.8\u2009mg GAE\/g), corresponding to stronger antioxidant activity. Leaves extracts exhibited greater antibacterial activity against\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , while fruit extracts showed stronger effects against Gram\u2010negative bacteria. LC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      values in the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>A. salina<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      assay were 181.8\u2009\u03bcg\/mL for leaves and 475.9\u2009\u03bcg\/mL for fruits.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study provides the first comprehensive metabolomic characterization of\n                      <jats:italic>L. peruvianum<\/jats:italic>\n                      , revealing organ\u2010specific chemical diversity and notable bioactive properties. The findings demonstrate the utility of HRMS\/MS fragmentation analysis for metabolite annotation and identify this endemic species as a promising source of bioactive natural products.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.70172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T11:08:31Z","timestamp":1788347311000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chemical Profiling by UHPLC\u2013MS\/MS and In\u00a0Vitro Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Cytotoxic Properties of\n                    <i>Lepidoceras peruvianum<\/i>\n                    Kuijt Leaves and Fruits"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5669-8776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco Rolando Aron\u00e9s","family":"Jara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Professional School of Pharmacy and 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