{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T12:50:58Z","timestamp":1788871858547,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,6]],"date-time":"2015-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1423180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,30]]},"abstract":"\n RATIONALE<\/jats:title>\n \n The manufacturing and uses of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) have resulted in a serious environmental challenge and legacy. This study highlights the ability of compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA) to distinguish among various HCH sources and to support the evaluation of the potential for\n in situ<\/jats:italic>\n biodegradation in contaminated groundwater.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS<\/jats:title>\n \n Tests were conducted to verify the absence of significant isotope fractionation during HCH sample pre\u2010concentration including dichloromethane extraction, solvent exchange into iso\u2010octane, and H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n SO\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n clean\u2010up, and analysis by gas chromatography\/combustion\u2010isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC\/C\u2010IRMS). The method was then applied to four Technical Grade (TG) HCH mixtures procured from different sources and to groundwater samples from a contaminated site.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n \n The pre\u2010concentration method enabled determination of carbon isotope ratios (\u03b4\n 13<\/jats:sup>\n C values) of HCH isomers with no significant isotopic fractionation. The TG\u2010HCH mixtures had significantly different \u03b4\n 13<\/jats:sup>\n C values. Moreover, for any given TG\u2010HCH, all isomers had \u03b4\n 13<\/jats:sup>\n C values within 1.1\u2030 of each other \u2013 a distinctly uniform fingerprint. At the HCH\u2010contaminated field site, compared with source wells, downgradient wells showed significant (up to 5.1\u2030) enrichment in\n 13<\/jats:sup>\n C and the \u03b4\n 13<\/jats:sup>\n C values of the HCH isomers were significantly different from each other.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n \n A method was successfully developed for the CSIA of HCH isomers that showed potential for HCH source differentiation and identification of HCH\n in situ<\/jats:italic>\n biodegradation. At the HCH\u2010contaminated site, the observed preferential isotopic enrichment of certain isomers relative to others for a given source allows differentiation between biodegraded and non\u2010biodegraded HCH. Copyright \u00a9 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.7146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,13]],"date-time":"2015-02-13T06:10:31Z","timestamp":1423807831000},"page":"505-514","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Compound specific isotope analysis of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers: a method for source fingerprinting and field investigation of\n in situ<\/i>\n biodegradation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Michelle","family":"Chartrand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences University of Toronto 22 Russell Street Toronto ON M5S 3B1 Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elodie","family":"Passeport","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering University of Toronto 35 Russell Street Toronto ON M5S 1A4 Canada"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto 200 College Street Toronto ON M5S 3E5 Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences University of Toronto 22 Russell Street Toronto ON M5S 3B1 Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georges","family":"Lacrampe\u2010Couloume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences University of Toronto 22 Russell Street Toronto ON M5S 3B1 Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terry F.","family":"Bidleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Chemistry Ume\u00e5 University Linnaeus v\u00e4g 6 SE\u2010901 87 Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liisa M.","family":"Jantunen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Air Quality Processes Research Section Environment Canada 6248 Eighth Line Egbert ON L0L1N0 Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Sherwood Lollar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences University of Toronto 22 Russell Street Toronto ON M5S 3B1 Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10532-004-2413-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2004.12.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/je034214i"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-010-0417-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","unstructured":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR).Toxicological Profile for Alpha\u2010 Beta\u2010 Gamma\u2010 and Delta\u2010Hexachlorocyclohexane (Update). 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