{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T01:20:43Z","timestamp":1784510443513,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,6]],"date-time":"2018-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530835200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":305,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,4]],"date-time":"2017-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006229","name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006229","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A desired feature in the analysis of explosives is to decrease the time of the entire analysis procedure, including sampling. A recently utilized ambient ionization technique, paper spray ionization (PSI), provides the possibility of combining sampling and ionization. However, an interesting phenomenon that occurs in generating negatively charged ions pose some challenges in applying PSI to explosives analysis. The goal of this work is to investigate the possible solutions for generating explosives ions in negative mode PSI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The analysis of 2,4,6\u2010trinitrotoluene (TNT), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), octahydro\u20101,3,5,7\u2010tetranitro\u20101,3,5,7\u2010tetrazocine (HMX), and 1,3,5\u2010trinitroperhydro\u20101,3,5\u2010triazine (RDX) was performed. Several solvent systems with different surface tensions and additives were compared to determine their effect on the ionization of explosives. The solvents tested include\n                      <jats:italic>tert<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010butanol, isopropanol, methanol, and acetonitrile. The additives tested were carbon tetrachloride and ammonium nitrate.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the solvents tested, isopropanol yielded the best results. In addition, adding ammonium nitrate to the isopropanol enhanced the analyte signal. Experimentally determined limits of detection (LODs) as low as 0.06\u00a0ng for PETN, on paper, were observed with isopropanol and the addition of 0.4\u00a0mM ammonium nitrate as the spray solution. In addition, the explosive components of two plastic explosive samples, Composition 4 and Semtex, were successfully analyzed via surface sampling when using the developed method.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The analysis of explosives using PSI\u2010MS in negative ion mode was achieved. The addition of ammonium nitrate to isopropanol, in general, enhanced the analyte signal and yielded better ionization stability. Real\u2010world explosive samples were analyzed, which demonstrates one of the potential applications of PSI\u2010MS analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.7932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,6]],"date-time":"2017-07-06T06:42:54Z","timestamp":1499323374000},"page":"1565-1572","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Application of paper spray ionization for explosives analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1763-3889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia\u2010Wei","family":"Tsai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Florida  214 LEI Gainesville FL USA"},{"name":"Counterterrorism and Forensic Science Research Unit, Visiting Scientist Program, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory Division  2501 Investigation Pkwy Quantico VA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3487-7380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher A.","family":"Tipple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Counterterrorism and Forensic Science Research Unit, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory Division  2501 Investigation Pkwy Quantico VA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1293-5669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard A.","family":"Yost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Florida  214 LEI Gainesville FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1119426"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2011.06.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac050162j"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1104404"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac902854g"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200906314"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/j150664a002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","volume-title":"Electrospray Ionization","author":"Cole RB","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","unstructured":"FennJB.Method and apparatus for electrospray ionization. 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