{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T15:45:58Z","timestamp":1761493558833,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,1]],"date-time":"2017-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"START-program of the Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The monomer 1\u2010vinyl\u20102\u2010pyrrolidone (VP) is a substance with excellent solvent features. It is used in a wide variety of pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food industrial or technical applications and produced on an industrial scale. Since VP has caused adenocarcinoma of the nasal cavity and liver cell carcinoma in long\u2010term experiments with rats, a human biomarker would be appreciated for risk assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A sensitive analytical electron ionization gas chromatography\/tandem mass spectrometry (GC\/MS\/MS) method for the determination of six possible biomarkers for VP in urine was established and validated. Two isotope\u2010labeled internal standards (ISTD) were used for quantification. A simple and easy to use freeze\u2010drying step was performed prior to derivatization with\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010\n                      <jats:italic>tert<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010butyldimethylsilyl\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010methyltrifluoracetamide (MTBSTFA) and following sample extraction for cleanup purposes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A calibration curve with six calibration standards ranging from 50\u00a0\u03bcg\/L to 2000\u00a0\u03bcg\/L (10\u2010fold higher for H\u2010OPAA) in urine was prepared. Validation results were satisfactory with recoveries ranging from 88.2 to 110.2 % with two exceptions for the lowest quality control for two substances without ISTD (126.4 % and 139.3 %). Three of the substances could be identified as VP metabolites in an exposure study with Sprague\u2010Dawley (SD) rats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A quick and easy to use method has been established for six target molecules investigated for a better understanding of the metabolism of VP. Two of three substances identified as metabolites of VP could serve as a nonspecific human biomarker for VP exposure as shown with an excerpt of an exposure study performed in SD rats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.7972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,25]],"date-time":"2017-08-25T15:52:36Z","timestamp":1503676356000},"page":"1851-1858","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantification of six potential unspecific human biomarkers of 1\u2010vinyl\u20102\u2010pyrrolidone exposure in Sprague\u2010Dawley rat urine using gas chromatography coupled with triple mass spectrometry"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9144-8238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"Bertram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University  Pauwelsstr. 30 D\u201052074 Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Schettgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University  Pauwelsstr. 30 D\u201052074 Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Kraus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University  Pauwelsstr. 30 D\u201052074 Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10717540802035251"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156856297X00515"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(97)00247-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2009.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2015.04.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2012.07.009"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"774","article-title":"Preparation and testing of polymer drugs. 4. 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