{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:36:16Z","timestamp":1774053376638,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]],"date-time":"2020-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581033600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":291,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,22]],"date-time":"2019-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OCE1041329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OCE1041329"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]]},"abstract":"\n Rationale<\/jats:title>\n \n It is imperative to understand how chemical preservation alters tissue isotopic compositions before using historical samples in ecological studies. Specifically, although compound\u2010specific isotope analysis of amino acids (CSIA\u2010AA) is becoming a widely used tool, there is little information on how preservation techniques affect amino acid\n \u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n 15<\/jats:sup>\n N values.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n We evaluated the effects of chemical preservatives on bulk tissue\n \u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n 13<\/jats:sup>\n C and\n \u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n 15<\/jats:sup>\n N and amino acid\n \u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n 15<\/jats:sup>\n N values, measured by gas chromatography\/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC\/IRMS), of (a) tuna (\n \n Thunnus albacares<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n ) and squid (\n \n Dosidicus gigas<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n ) muscle tissues that were fixed in formaldehyde and stored in ethanol for 2\u2009years and (b) two copepod species,\n \n Calanus pacificus<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n \n Eucalanus californicus<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n , which were preserved in formaldehyde for 24\u201325\u2009years.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Tissues in formaldehyde\u2010ethanol had higher bulk\n \u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n 15<\/jats:sup>\n N values (+1.4,\n \n D. gigas<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n ; +1.6\u2030,\n \n T. albacares<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n ), higher\n \u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n 13<\/jats:sup>\n C values for\n \n D. gigas<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n (+0.5\u2030), and lower\n \u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n 13<\/jats:sup>\n C values for\n \n T. albacares<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n (\u22120.8\u2030) than frozen samples. The bulk\n \u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n 15<\/jats:sup>\n N values from copepods were not different those from frozen samples, although the\n \u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n 13<\/jats:sup>\n C values from both species were lower (\u22121.0\u2030 for\n \n E. californicus<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n and\u2009\u22122.2\u2030 for\n \n C. pacificus<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n ) than those from frozen samples. The mean amino acid\n \u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n 15<\/jats:sup>\n N values from chemically preserved tissues were largely within 1\u2030 of those of frozen tissues, but the phenylalanine\n \u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n 15<\/jats:sup>\n N values were altered to a larger extent (range: 0.5\u20134.5\u2030).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n The effects of preservation on bulk\n \u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n 13<\/jats:sup>\n C values were variable, where the direction and magnitude of change varied among taxa. The changes in bulk\n \u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n 15<\/jats:sup>\n N values associated with chemical preservation were mostly minimal, suggesting that storage in formaldehyde or ethanol will not affect the interpretation of\n \u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n 15<\/jats:sup>\n N values used in ecological studies. The preservation effects on amino acid\n \u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n 15<\/jats:sup>\n N values were also mostly minimal, mirroring bulk\n \u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n 15<\/jats:sup>\n N trends, which is promising for future CSIA\u2010AA studies of archived specimens. However, there were substantial differences in phenylalanine and valine\n \u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n 15<\/jats:sup>\n N values, which we speculate resulted from interference in the chromatographic resolution of unknown compounds rather than alteration of tissue isotopic composition due to chemical preservation.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.8408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,7]],"date-time":"2019-02-07T17:42:37Z","timestamp":1549561357000},"page":"935-945","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Effects of chemical preservation on bulk and amino acid isotope ratios of zooplankton, fish, and squid tissues"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7114-398X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth D.","family":"Hetherington","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Sciences University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA USA"},{"name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolyn M.","family":"Kurle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Sciences University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark D.","family":"Ohman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7021-5478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian N.","family":"Popp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu HI USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(81)90244-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(1997)078[2249:TSNIRA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004420050865"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2010.04.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037403"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12618"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/14-0581.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19944-3_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64472-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1936-7961(07)01012-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lom.2009.7.740"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.7835"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-017-3881-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2013.58.2.0624"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1004904108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orggeochem.2017.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2009.54.1.0050"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11284-012-0967-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2011.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/588172"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.1661"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z02-007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1551929500057060"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.5049"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","unstructured":"HayesJM.Fractionation of the isotopes of carbon and hydrogen in biosynthetic processes. 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