{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T19:24:58Z","timestamp":1790191498331,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,19]],"date-time":"2020-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IP\u20101289\u20101111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IP\u20101289\u20101111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although the analysis of skeletal remains dominates the study of ancient dietary stable isotopes, mummified bodies also allow short\u2010term diet to be studied through the analysis of soft tissues. The application of resins, waxes and oils during mummification can affect the results obtained. This study assesses a range of methods for removing such substances from mummified tissue.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An experimental mummification model following ancient Egyptian methods was created using a modern pig leg. Sub\u2010samples of skin, muscle and bone were removed and coated with a range of substances used in Egyptian mummification. Four methods were used to clean these samples before the measurement of the carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of their gelatinised collagen content using a ThermoFinnigan Flash Elemental analyser coupled to a DeltaPlus XL isotope ratio mass spectrometer via a ConFlo III interface.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results showed that embalming materials can significantly affect dietary stable isotope ratios, and that these substances are most effectively removed using a mixture of polar and non\u2010polar solvents. Results indicate that bone samples demineralised with HCl and skin samples produce more accurate results than bone samples demineralised with EDTA or muscle samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The choice of tissue and the preparation methods used can have a significant effect on the accuracy of stable isotope data obtained from mummified tissue, particularly when embalming materials are also present. A mixture of solvents appears to be a more effective cleaning agent than a single solvent. Demineralisation with HCl is preferable for well\u2010preserved bone, as used in this study, but whether this is the case for more fragile, less well\u2010preserved bone requires further study. Skin samples produce more consistent data than muscle, but visually distinguishing between these tissues is not simple on ancient mummies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.8686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]],"date-time":"2019-12-02T04:54:59Z","timestamp":1575262499000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["An ideal solution? Optimising pretreatment methods for artificially mummified ancient Egyptian tissues"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8760-0559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenefer","family":"Cockitt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KNH Centre for Biomedical Egyptology University of Manchester  Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Lamb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Environmental Isotope Facility British Geological Survey  Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6979-3246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan","family":"Metcalfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KNH Centre for Biomedical Egyptology University of Manchester  Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14614103.2015.1101937"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-0182(96)00067-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2004.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2014.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330930203"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasrep.2015.10.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","volume-title":"The Mummy in Ancient Egypt","author":"Ikram S","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"81","volume-title":"Current Research in Egyptology 2008","author":"Metcalfe R","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","volume-title":"Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries","author":"Lucas A","year":"1962"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","unstructured":"SmithGE DawsonWR.Egyptian Mummies.London: G. 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