{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:06:26Z","timestamp":1790255186325,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]],"date-time":"2020-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["02WIL1386"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02WIL1386"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chloroform, a probable human carcinogen, is commonly detected in various concentration levels in many surface water and groundwater sources. Compound\u2010specific chlorine stable isotope analysis (Cl\u2010CSIA) is significant in investigating the fate of chlorinated contaminants in the environment. Analytical conditions should, however, be thoroughly examined for any isotopic fractionation. In this study, we simultaneously optimize three analytical parameters for a robust online Cl\u2010CSIA of chloroform using the Taguchi design of experiments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For Cl\u2010CSIA, a purge\u2010and\u2010trap autosampler coupled to a gas chromatograph in tandem with a quadrupole mass spectrometer, with electron ionization in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode, was used. Using the Taguchi method, the dominant parameter affecting the results of Cl\u2010CSIA for chloroform was identified through concurrent investigation of the signal\u2010to\u2010noise ratios (S\/N) of three parameters, each at three levels: purging time (5, 10, 15\u2009min), transfer time (80, 120, 160\u2009s), and dwell time (20, 60, 100 ms). Moreover, the optimum combination of the levels was identified.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purging time, with a maximum S\/N, resulted in the highest influence on the isotope ratios determined. It was further refined through additional experiments to sufficiently extract chloroform from the aqueous phase. Accordingly, 8\u2009min of purging time, 120\u2009s transfer time and 100\u2009ms dwell time were the optimum conditions for Cl\u2010CSIA of chloroform. Post\u2010optimization, a precision of \u00b10.28 \u2030 was achieved for 8.4\u2009nmol of chloroform (equivalent to 0.89\u2009\u03bcg or approx. 25\u2009nmol Cl\u2010mass on column).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A simple online method for Cl\u2010CSIA of chloroform was optimized with the Taguchi design of experiments. The Taguchi method was very useful for the optimization of the analytical conditions. However, the purging conditions should be fine\u2010tuned and selected so that sufficient extraction of a target compound is confirmed to acquire a stable and higher precision of the method.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.8922","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,8]],"date-time":"2020-08-08T02:20:08Z","timestamp":1596853208000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Optimization of compound\u2010specific chlorine stable isotope analysis of chloroform using the Taguchi design of experiments"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6036-4840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Berhane Abrha","family":"Asfaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Geosciences, Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt  Schnittspahn Stra\u00dfe 9 Darmstadt 64287 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6927-661X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaori","family":"Sakaguchi\u2010S\u00f6der","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Geosciences, Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt  Schnittspahn Stra\u00dfe 9 Darmstadt 64287 Germany"},{"name":"Institut IWAR, Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt  Franziska\u2010Braun Stra\u00dfe 7 Darmstadt 64287 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9758-3254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anat","family":"Bernstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology The Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Ben\u2010Gurion University of the Negev  Sde Boker Campus Beer\u2010Sheva 84990 Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hagar","family":"Siebner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology The Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Ben\u2010Gurion University of the Negev  Sde Boker Campus Beer\u2010Sheva 84990 Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Sch\u00fcth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Geosciences, Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt  Schnittspahn Stra\u00dfe 9 Darmstadt 64287 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1019887505651"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000WR900194"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.1976.tb02376.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","article-title":"Low trihalomethane formation during managed aquifer recharge with chlorinated desalinated water","volume":"12","author":"Bernstein A","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water (Switzerland)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"IvannenkoT ZogorskiJS.Sources and Occurrence of Chloroform and Other Trihalomethanes in Drinking\u2010Water Supply Wells in the United States 1986\u20132001.US Geol Surv Sci Investig Rep 2006\u20135015.2006;13.","DOI":"10.3133\/sir20065015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chloroform (CASRN 67\u201066\u20103)","volume":"1999","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 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