{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T03:29:52Z","timestamp":1762918192277,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]],"date-time":"2021-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to develop methods to determine the identity and trace the origin of propellants used in shotshells. Specifically, the use of organic component and stable isotope analysis techniques, such as bulk stable isotope analysis (BSIA) and compound\u2010specific isotope analysis (CSIA) techniques, for the study of shotshell propellants was investigated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nine samples of shotshell propellants from different manufacturing countries and brands were analyzed for explosive and additive components by gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry and thin\u2010layer chromatography. BSIA of the propellants was achieved using elemental analysis\/isotope ratio mass spectrometry without a pretreatment process. For the CSIA of nitroglycerin, double\u2010base powder propellants were extracted with ether, and the isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen were measured by gas chromatography\/isotope ratio mass spectrometry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nine samples drawn from seven brands in four countries were classified into five groups by organic component analysis, while eight classification groups were identified by BSIA. Thus, two samples could not be distinguished from each other by either BSIA or organic component analysis. Subsequently, with the use of results obtained with CSIA for nitroglycerin, all the samples could be classified into different groups. These findings suggest that the nine propellant samples were all composed of different ingredients or raw materials from different sources.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stable isotope ratio analyses were performed for propellant discrimination. The combined BSIA, CSIA and organic component analysis techniques were able to successfully distinguish the nine shotshell propellants from seven brands sourced from four different countries, and the results suggested that the samples contained different ingredients or raw materials from different sources. We therefore can conclude that reliable results can be obtained using combined isotope analysis methods such as CSIA and BSIA for origin tracing and identity determination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.9072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]],"date-time":"2021-02-22T08:35:27Z","timestamp":1613982927000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Preliminary stable isotope analyses for propellant discrimination in shotshells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5738-9465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nam Yee","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Forensic Service Gwangju Institute  Jeonnam 57248 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0674-5268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byeong\u2010Yeol","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Chemistry Division National Forensic Service  Wonju 26460 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0999-2515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong\u2010Hwan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Physical Division National Forensic Service  Wonju 26460 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4075-4029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min\u2010ji","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Analytical Science &amp; Technology  Daejeon 34134 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"72","article-title":"Fast GC and GC\u2010MS analysis of explosives","volume":"49","author":"Kirchner M","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pet Coal"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2018.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2670(95)00020-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"1357","article-title":"Systematic approach to detection of explosive residues. 4. 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