{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T06:14:59Z","timestamp":1786947299028,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Small amounts of biofluid samples are frequently found at crime scenes; however, existing gold standard methods such as LC\u2013MS frequently require destructive extraction of the sample before a time\u2010consuming analysis which puts strain on forensic analysis providers and can preclude further sample analysis. This study presents the application of sheath\u2010flow probe electrospray ionization\u2010mass spectrometry (sfPESI\u2013MS) to the direct analysis of drug metabolites in dried blood spots (DBS) as a high throughput, minimally destructive alternative.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A rapid direct analysis method using a sfPESI ionisation source coupled to an Orbitrap Exactive mass spectrometer was applied to detect cocaine metabolites (benzoylecgonine, BZE, cocaethylene, CE, and ecgonine methyl ester, EME) from DBS. An optimisation study exploring the use of different chemical modifiers (formic acid and sodium acetate) in the sfPESI probe extraction solvent was conducted to enhance the sensitivity and reproducibility of the sfPESI\u2013MS method.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Optimisation of the extraction solvent significantly enhanced the sensitivity and reproducibility of the sfPESI\u2013MS method. A quantitative response over a five\u2010point calibration range 0.5 to 10\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml was obtained for BZE (R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.9979) and CE (R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.9948). Limits of detection (LOD) of 1.31, 0.29 and 0.15\u2009\u03bcg\/ml were achieved for EME, BZE and CE, respectively, from 48 h aged DBSs with % RSD (relative standard deviation) across the calibration range ranging between 19%\u201328% for [BZE\u2009+\u2009H]\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      , 13%\u201321% for [CE\u2009+\u2009H]\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      and 12%\u201329% for [EME\u2009+\u2009H]\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A rapid (&lt; 20\u2009s) quantitative method for the direct analysis of cocaine metabolites from DBS which requires no prior sample preparation was developed. Although the LOD achieved for BZE (LOD: 0.29\u2009\u03bcg\/ml) was above the UK threshold limit of exposure for drug driving (0.05\u2009\u03bcg\/ml), the method may be suitable for use in identifying overdose in forensic analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.9422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T10:14:19Z","timestamp":1666606459000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Development of a rapid, in\u2010situ analysis method using sheath\u2010flow probe electrospray ionisation\u2010mass spectrometry for the direct identification of cocaine metabolites in dried blood spots"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7117-7338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Analytical Science, Department of Chemistry Loughborough University  UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul F.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Analytical Science, Department of Chemistry Loughborough University  UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Analytical Science, Department of Chemistry Loughborough University  UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1176-3030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James C.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Analytical Science, Department of Chemistry Loughborough University  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