{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:15:11Z","timestamp":1772118911966,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709683200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":347,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,25]],"date-time":"2023-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CHE\u20102203289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CHE\u20102203289"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Femtoamp and picoamp electrospray ionization (ESI) characteristics of a nonpolar solvent were explored. The direct ESI mass spectrometry analysis of chloroform extract solution enabled rapid analysis of perfluorinated sulfonic acid analytes in drinking water.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neat chloroform solvent and extracts were directly used in a typical wire\u2010in ESI setup using micrometer emitter tips. Ionization currents were measured with femtoamp sensitivity while ramping the spray voltage from 0 to \u22125000\u2009V. Methanol was used as a comparison to illustrate the\u00a0characteristics of electrospraying chloroform. The effects of spray voltage and inlet temperature were studied. A liquid\u2013liquid extraction workflow was developed to analyze perfluorooctanoate sulfonate (PFOS) in drinking water using an ion\u2010trap mass spectrometer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The ionization onset of chloroform solution was 41\u2009\u00b1\u200917\u2009fA at 300\u2009V. The ionization current gradually increased with voltage while remaining below 100\u2009pA when using voltages up to \u22125000\u2009V. The ion signal of PFOS was significantly enhanced to improve the limit of detection (LoD) to 25\u2009ppt in chloroform. Coupled with a liquid\u2013liquid extraction workflow, LoD of 0.38\u20135.1\u00a0ppt and a quantitation range of 5\u2013400\u2009ppt were achieved for perfluorinated sulfonic compounds in 1\u2010ml water samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Femtoamp and picoamp modes expand the solvent compatibility range of ESI and can enable quantitative analysis in parts per trillion (ppt) concentrations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.9501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T01:09:50Z","timestamp":1678151390000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ultra\u2010low current electrospray ionization of chloroform solution for the analysis of perfluorinated sulfonic 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