{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T07:47:46Z","timestamp":1772524066054,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80NSSC20K0611"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC20K0611"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MRI 1725766"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRI 1725766"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Advances in sulfur isotope measurement techniques have led to increased analytical precision. However, accurate measurement of\n                      <jats:sup>36<\/jats:sup>\n                      S remains a challenge. This difficulty arises primarily from unresolved isobaric interferences of\n                      <jats:sup>36<\/jats:sup>\n                      SF\n                      <jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      at\n                      <jats:italic>m<\/jats:italic>\n                      \/\n                      <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009131\u00a0u,\n                      <jats:sup>186<\/jats:sup>\n                      WF\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                      and\n                      <jats:sup>12<\/jats:sup>\n                      C\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      F\n                      <jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      , which lead to scale compression. Theoretically, unresolved interference with 2% relative intensity could cause 1\u2030 underestimation in a sample with real \u03b4\n                      <jats:sup>36<\/jats:sup>\n                      S\u2009=\u2009+60\u2030.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our study develops an interference\u2010free four\u2010sulfur isotope measurement method by using the high\u2010resolution mass spectrometer Panorama. The mass resolving power of Panorama allows the distinction of\n                      <jats:sup>186<\/jats:sup>\n                      WF\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                      and\n                      <jats:sup>12<\/jats:sup>\n                      C\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      F\n                      <jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      from\n                      <jats:sup>36<\/jats:sup>\n                      SF\n                      <jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The\n                      <jats:sup>186<\/jats:sup>\n                      WF\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                      relative intensity was initially 9.4% that of\n                      <jats:sup>36<\/jats:sup>\n                      SF\n                      <jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      but reduced to 1.5% through tuning, while\n                      <jats:sup>12<\/jats:sup>\n                      C\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      F\n                      <jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      relative intensity dropped from 74% to 40% after flushing with air. Three IAEA standards were analyzed with both Panorama and MAT 253. We obtained \u0394\n                      <jats:sup>36<\/jats:sup>\n                      S\n                      <jats:sub>IAEA\u2010S\u20102<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20091.238\u2009\u00b1\u20090.040\u2030 and \u0394\n                      <jats:sup>36<\/jats:sup>\n                      S\n                      <jats:sub>IAEA\u2010S\u20103<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.882\u2009\u00b1\u20090.030\u2030, relative to IAEA\u2010S\u20101, from Panorama, and \u0394\n                      <jats:sup>36<\/jats:sup>\n                      S\n                      <jats:sub>IAEA\u2010S\u20102<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.18\u2009\u00b1\u20090.02\u2030 and \u0394\n                      <jats:sup>36<\/jats:sup>\n                      S\n                      <jats:sub>IAEA\u2010S\u20103<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.11\u2009\u00b1\u20090.14\u2030 from MAT 253, while \u03b4\n                      <jats:sup>34<\/jats:sup>\n                      S values from the two instruments are consistent.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The measurement discrepancies on\n                      <jats:sup>36<\/jats:sup>\n                      S between Panorama and MAT 253 highlight the impact of scale compression due to unresolved isobaric interferences. Resolving this problem is crucial for accurate\n                      <jats:sup>36<\/jats:sup>\n                      S analysis. We recommend replacing the filament material with rhenium, tuning the filament voltage, and avoiding carbon in instruments to eliminate or mitigate interferences. We propose future systematic efforts to calibrate the \u03b4\n                      <jats:sup>33<\/jats:sup>\n                      S, \u03b4\n                      <jats:sup>34<\/jats:sup>\n                      S, and \u03b4\n                      <jats:sup>36<\/jats:sup>\n                      S of IAEA\u2010S\u20101, IAEA\u2010S\u20102, and IAEA\u2010S\u20103 and advise bracketing all three reference materials in the measurement sequences, to enable calibration.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.9768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T03:55:03Z","timestamp":1715745303000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Fully resolved high\u2010precision measurement of\n                    <sup>36<\/sup>\n                    S for sulfur reference materials"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9736-8511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiayang","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology University of Maryland  College Park Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Farquhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology University of Maryland  College Park Maryland USA"},{"name":"Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center University of Maryland  College Park Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjr49b\u2010038"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016\u20107037(78)90269\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JZ070i014p03475"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JZ070i018p04435"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016\u20107037(93)90301\u2010C"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016\u20107037(93)90300\u2010L"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016\u20107037(91)90381\u2010E"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5480.756"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012\u2010821X(03)00296\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472\u20104669.2003.00007.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2007.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1117824"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2006.11.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2006.01.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2007.08.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012\u2010821X(71)90029\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016\u20107037(77)90177\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","volume-title":"Sulphur isotopes in lunar and meteorite samples","author":"Thode HG","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016\u20107037(93)90499\u2010M"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","article-title":"New type of filaments for improved accuracy of multiple sulfur isotope analyses by electron\u2010impact gas\u2010source mass\u2010spectrometry","author":"Cartigny P","journal-title":"Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","first-page":"16","volume-title":"Proceedings of National Science Foundation Symposium","author":"Ault WU","year":"1962"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016\u20107037(66)90059\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016\u20107037(61)90074\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016\u20107037(94)90277\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","unstructured":"RobinsonBW.Sulphur isotope standards. 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