{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T00:26:12Z","timestamp":1791678372329,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]],"date-time":"2021-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Respirology Case Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019) and pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) share many overlapping features and may be clinically indistinguishable on initial presentation in people living with HIV. We present the case of co\u2010infection with COVID\u201019 and PCP in a patient with progressive respiratory failure admitted to our intensive care unit where the dominant disease was uncertain. This case highlights the difficulty in differentiating between the two diseases, especially in a high HIV prevalence setting where PCP is frequently diagnosed using case definitions and clinical experience due to limited access to bronchoscopy, appropriate laboratory testing, and computed tomography scans. In addition, diagnostic testing may yield false\u2010negative results in both diseases, and clinician awareness to the overlap and pitfalls is essential if COVID\u201019 becomes endemic in such settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/rcr2.725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]],"date-time":"2021-02-23T06:41:50Z","timestamp":1614062510000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The diagnostic challenge of pneumocystis pneumonia and <scp>COVID<\/scp>\u201019 co\u2010infection in <scp>HIV<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7293-0122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alistair G.B.","family":"Broadhurst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usha","family":"Lalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jantjie J.","family":"Taljaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth H.","family":"Louw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Coenraad F.N.","family":"Koegelenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian W.","family":"Allwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1198"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6266"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra032588"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101623"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1809-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2020.v110i6.14825"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myu002"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_9_1","first-page":"99","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia diagnosed by non\u2010induced sputum stained with a direct fluorescent antibody","volume":"28","author":"Rafanan AL","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. 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