{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:43:17Z","timestamp":1790739797541,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]],"date-time":"2021-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Respirology Case Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Haemothorax is an accumulation of blood in the pleural space. Retained haemothorax refers to blood that cannot be drained from the pleural cavity and is associated with an increased risk of empyema and fibrothorax often necessitating surgical evacuation. We describe our experience of using intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy in three patients with different bleeding risk and acute non\u2010traumatic retained haemothorax. The first was a 41\u2010year\u2010old female with disseminated <jats:italic>Candida guilliermondii<\/jats:italic> sepsis and an iatrogenic haemothorax, second was a 48\u2010year\u2010old female with transfusion\u2010dependent acute myeloid leukaemia and spontaneous haemothorax, and the third was a 72\u2010year\u2010old female with spontaneous haemothorax from newly diagnosed lung cancer. All patients received one to two doses of intrapleural alteplase without any bleeding complications and resolution of retained haemothorax. This case series demonstrates the successful application and safety of this approach as an alternative to surgery in a well\u2010resourced environment with close monitoring and ready access to blood transfusion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/rcr2.760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]],"date-time":"2021-05-08T17:02:29Z","timestamp":1620493349000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Intrapleural fibrinolysis in acute non\u2010traumatic retained haemothorax"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1497-9830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuan T.","family":"Foo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jurgen","family":"Herre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(05)70477-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thorsurg.2007.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1012740"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2010.08.006"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_4_6_1","first-page":"102","article-title":"Early VATS for blunt chest trauma: a management technique underutilized by acute care surgeons","volume":"71","author":"Smith JW","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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