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Existing methods typically reconstruct approximating surfaces that regard corresponding points on the target skull as soft constraints, thus incurring non\u2010zero error even for non\u2010defective parts and high overall reconstruction error. This paper proposes a novel geometric reconstruction method that non\u2010rigidly registers an interpolating reference surface that regards corresponding target points as hard constraints, thus achieving low reconstruction error. To overcome the shortcoming of interpolating a surface, a flip\u2010avoiding method is used to detect and exclude conflicting hard constraints that would otherwise cause surface patches to flip and self\u2010intersect. Comprehensive test results show that our method is more accurate and robust than existing skull reconstruction methods. By incorporating symmetry constraints, it can produce more symmetric and normal results than other methods in reconstructing defective skulls with a large number of defects. It is robust against severe outliers such as radiation artifacts in computed tomography due to dental implants. In addition, test results also show that our method outperforms thin\u2010plate spline for model resampling, which enables the active shape model to yield more accurate reconstruction results. As the reconstruction accuracy of defective parts varies with the use of different reference models, we also study the implication of reference model selection for skull reconstruction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/rcs.1906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,31]],"date-time":"2018-03-31T00:31:14Z","timestamp":1522456274000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Flip\u2010avoiding interpolating surface registration for skull reconstruction"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4764-7667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shudong","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science National University of Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wee Kheng","family":"Leow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science National University of Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanjing","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic, Reconstruction and Aesthetic Surgery National University Hospital Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thiam Chye","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic, Reconstruction and Aesthetic Surgery National University Hospital Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Surgery National University of Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2009.08.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2006.01.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WeiL YuW LiM LiX.Skull assembly and completion using template\u2010based surface matching. 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