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The robotic scanning was developed to follow a spinal curvature with deep learning and apply consistent forces to the patient's back.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty three scoliosis patients were scanned with US device both, robotically and manually. Two human raters measured each subject's spinous process angles on robotic and manual coronal images.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The robotic method showed high intra\u2010 (ICC\u00a0&gt;\u00a00.85) and inter\u2010rater (ICC\u00a0&gt;\u00a00.77) reliabilities. Compared with the manual method, the robotic approach showed no significant difference (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) when measuring coronal deformity angles. The mean absolute deviation for intra\u2010rater analysis lies within an acceptable range from 0 to 5\u00b0 for the minimum of 86% and maximum 97% of a total number of the measured angles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study demonstrated that scoliosis deformity angles measured on ultrasound images obtained with robotic scanning are comparable to those obtained by manual scanning.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/rcs.2468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T01:39:26Z","timestamp":1666834766000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Comparison of ultrasound scanning for scoliosis assessment: Robotic versus manual"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1655-1953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Victorova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic University  Kowloon Hong\u00a0Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi Hin Ting","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic University  Kowloon Hong\u00a0Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy Tin\u2010Yan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic University  Kowloon Hong\u00a0Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3426-6638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Navarro\u2010Alarcon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic University  Kowloon Hong\u00a0Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongping","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic University  Kowloon Hong\u00a0Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"261","article-title":"Outline for the study of scoliosis","volume":"5","author":"Cobb J","year":"1948","journal-title":"Instr Course Lect AAOS"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/81.17.1307"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032\u2010199406000\u201000002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13013\u2010016\u20100074\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135264"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/oja.2012.23011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21082858"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2015.2390233"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2019051"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517\u2010019\u201002015\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"VictorovaM Navarro\u2010AlarconD ZhengY.3D ultrasound imaging of scoliosis with force\u2010sensitive robotic scanning. 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