{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,9]],"date-time":"2025-02-09T05:18:25Z","timestamp":1739078305666,"version":"3.37.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,17]],"date-time":"2009-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1239926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Robotics Computer Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The term super\u2010resolution refers to the process of combining a set of low\u2010resolution images into a high\u2010resolution image using image processing methods. This work is concerned with the reconstruction of high\u2010resolution X\u2010ray images. Specifically, we address the problem of acquiring X\u2010ray images from multiple, very close view points.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We propose to use a novel experimental robotic C\u2010arm device to create high\u2010resolution X\u2010ray images. For this purpose, we suggest different strategies for acquiring multiple low\u2010resolution images, and we provide the steps to achieve acquisition\u2010error compensation. Compared to visible light images, X\u2010ray images have the particularity that parallax effects render super\u2010resolution very difficult. Using the acquired multi\u2010frame data, we evaluate recent well\u2010known super\u2010resolution reconstruction algorithms. The same algorithms are evaluated based on synthetic 3D phantom data and real X\u2010ray images.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In experiments with both synthetic and real projection data, we successfully reconstruct up to four times higher\u2010resolution images. These images reveal structures and details which are not perceivable in the low\u2010resolution images.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The advantage of super\u2010resolution techniques for X\u2010ray is the potential reduction of radiation dose for patients and medical personnel. Potential medical applications include the diagnosis of early\u2010stage osteoporosis and the detection of very small calcifications. Copyright \u00a9 2009 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/rcs.255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,19]],"date-time":"2009-04-19T15:05:14Z","timestamp":1240153514000},"page":"243-256","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Achieving super\u2010resolution X\u2010ray imaging with mobile C\u2010arm devices"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"C.","family":"Bodensteiner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Darolti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Schweikard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ima.20007"},{"volume-title":"Lectures on the Cauchy Problem in Linear Partial Differential Equations","year":"1923","author":"Hadamard J","key":"e_1_2_1_3_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0266-5611\/22\/4\/009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"VandewalleP.Super\u2010resolution from unregistered aliased images. PhD Thesis EPF Lausanne 2006.","DOI":"10.1155\/ASP\/2006\/71459"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","first-page":"742","article-title":"Image sequence enhancement using sub\u2010pixel displacements","author":"Keren D","year":"1988","journal-title":"Comput Vision Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCS.1977.1084284"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","first-page":"317","article-title":"Multi\u2010frame image restoration and registration","volume":"1","author":"Huang T","year":"1984","journal-title":"Adv Comput Vision Image Process"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","unstructured":"BormanS StevensonR.Spatial resolution enhancement of low\u2010resolution image sequences. comprehensive review with directions for future research. 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PhD Thesis Ohio State University 1998."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","first-page":"5","article-title":"Image guided positioning for an interactive C\u2010arm fluoroscope","author":"Binder N","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comput Assist Radiol Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","unstructured":"BinderN.Realisierung eines robotischen Roentgen C\u2010Bogens. PhD Thesis Universitaet zu L\u00fcbeck 2007."},{"volume-title":"The Visualization Toolkit","year":"2003","author":"Schroeder W","key":"e_1_2_1_29_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9780898719604"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2004.840301"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_2","unstructured":"DoetterM.Fluoroskopiebasierte Navigation zur intraoperativen Unterstuetzung orthopaedischer Eingriffe. 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