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It consists of a physical, electromechanical representation of head and neck structures, including the mandible, maxillary region, neck, orbit and peri\u2010orbital regions to replicate different craniofacial traumas. Actuation and hydraulic systems are designed to control animatronic features and flow of simulated blood, tears, and cerebrospinal fluid.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Experimentally validated, the OCF simulator achieves structural and functional characteristics as close as possible to those of a human body.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The OCF Simulator can be used as a stand\u2010alone active simulator, it can be transported and used to train surgeons in simulated real\u2010life scenarios.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical Trial Registration<\/jats:title><jats:p>The authors declare that this statement is not applicable since no clinical tests have been performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/rcs.70039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T11:15:42Z","timestamp":1735816542000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Integrated Design and Prototyping of a Robotic Head for Ocular and Craniofacial Trauma Simulators"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Marcello","family":"Gallerani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1464-6219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto F.","family":"Pitzalis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Energy Management and Transportation Engineering University of Genova  Genova Italy"},{"name":"ADVR Department Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia  Genova Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianluca De","family":"Novi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark P.","family":"Ottensmeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Berselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Energy Management and Transportation Engineering University of Genova  Genova Italy"},{"name":"ADVR Department Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia  Genova Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/152.1.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2005.03.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000251453.54663.66"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2021.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01421590500126718"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2007.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","unstructured":"Dental Robotics Groupe Waseda University Tokyo Japan \u201cMastication Robot\u2010 Jaw Training Robot (WOJ Series) \u201d accessed December 26 2024 http:\/\/www.takanishi.mech.waseda.ac.jp\/top\/research\/jaws\/wj_series_eng.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","unstructured":"Laerdal Medical AS \u201cLaerdal SimMan \u201d Stravanger Norway accessed December 26 2024.https:\/\/laerdal.com\/simman\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","volume-title":"Development of an Ocular and Craniofacial Trauma Treatement Training System","author":"Ottensmeyer M. 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