{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T21:04:04Z","timestamp":1780088644230,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,2]],"date-time":"2025-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Robotics Computer Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Accurate perception of pedicle geometry during pedicle\u2010screw placement surgery is critically important because the margin\u2010for\u2010error is small.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>An assessment algorithm is developed to provide machine\u2010independent MultiPlanar Reconstruction (MiMPR) of the pedicle. The reconstruction is independent of the CT\u2010machine frame and enhances patient data portability. Additionally, the algorithm obtains the pedicle\u2010screw axis with optimum direction, length, and margin using MPRs. A method for the autonomous identification of four body features to form a CT\u2010independent vertebral frame, {V}, in the image space is formulated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Result<\/jats:title><jats:p>Applied to 200 high\u2010resolution CT images, the approach achieved a 100% success rate in defining the pedicle\u2010medial axis and maximum screw diameter considering the safety margin of 2\u00a0mm.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The method eliminates subjective assessment. It provides objective assessment in determining the pedicle\u2010medial axis with optimal direction and margin without human annotation. Additionally, it significantly enhances screw placement accuracy in robot\u2010assisted spinal fusion surgeries, regardless of vertebra orientation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/rcs.70049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T11:41:52Z","timestamp":1741002112000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Autonomous Establishment of CT\u2010Independent Sections to Obtain Optimum Pedicle\u2010Screw Axis in Direction, Length, and Safety Margin"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1810-9904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amit","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Remote Handling and Robotics Homi Bhabha National Institute  Mumbai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6838-6443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dwarakanath","family":"T. A.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgical Oncology Tata Memorial Centre  Mumbai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaurav","family":"Bhutani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Remote Handling and Robotics Homi Bhabha National Institute  Mumbai India"},{"name":"Division of Remote Handling and Robotics Bhabha Atomic Research Centre  Mumbai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dwarakanath","family":"Srinivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences  Bengaluru India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181ffeea2"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"387","article-title":"Computer\u2010Assisted Spinal Navigation Using a Percutaneous Dynamic Reference Frame for Posterior Fusions of the Lumbar Spine","volume":"38","author":"Best N. 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