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We comprehensively review the structural and functional salvage methods in clinical practice, from the peeling injuries of small distal fingertips to multisegmented amputated limbs, and the developmental and tissue engineering approaches for regenerating human digits and limbs in the laboratory. Although surgical techniques have forged ahead, there are still situations in which digits and limbs are unreplantable. Advances in the field are delineated, and the regeneration processes of salamander limbs, lizard tails, and mouse digits and each component of tissue engineering approaches for digit\u2010 and limb\u2010building are discussed. Although the current technology is promising, there are many challenges in human digit and limb regeneration. We hope this review inspires research on the critical gap between clinical and basic science, and leads to more sophisticated digit and limb loss rescue and regeneration innovations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/reg2.41","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,17]],"date-time":"2015-08-17T09:41:13Z","timestamp":1439804473000},"page":"149-168","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Regeneration and repair of human digits and limbs: fact and fiction"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Shyh\u2010Jou","family":"Shieh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine National Cheng Kung University  Tainan Taiwan"},{"name":"International Research Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration (iWRR) National Cheng Kung University  Tainan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsun\u2010Chih","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine National Cheng Kung University  Tainan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-03733-7_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z95-128"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2006.00139.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2014.08.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193414526109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Skin substitutes: A brief review of types and 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