{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T04:14:19Z","timestamp":1783484059973,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022617","name":"Fisher and Paykel Healthcare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022617","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Respirology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background and Objective<\/jats:title>\n \n Severe hypoxemia, heightened dyspnea, and exercise limitation are hallmarks of fibrotic interstitial lung disease (\n f<\/jats:italic>\n \u2010ILD). Standard O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n therapy (nasal prongs) fails, however, to correct hypoxemia with limited symptomatic benefits due to inspiratory flow\u2010patient demand mismatch. Nasal high\u2010flow O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n therapy (NHFO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ) is a promising alternative, but the respective contribution of high\u2010flow and supplemental O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n to improved dyspnea and exercise tolerance remains unknown in\n f<\/jats:italic>\n \u2010ILD.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Sixteen patients performed, in a randomized order, endurance tests (70% peak power) under 4 conditions: air, supplemental O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n (face mask, 9\u201312\u2009L\u00b7min\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n ), NHF\n air<\/jats:sub>\n [50\u201370\u2009L\u00b7min\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n ; inspired fraction of O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n (FiO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n )\u2009=\u20090.21], NHFO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n (50\u201370\u2009L\u00b7min\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n ; FiO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u20090.5). Endurance time and O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n saturation (SpO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ), breathing pattern (respiratory plethysmography) and dyspnea (Borg CR\u201010) were compared across conditions.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Supplemental O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n (98 [2]%) and NHFO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n (99 [3]%) increased isotime SpO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n vs air (87 [17]%,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001). Exercise time improved on O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n and NHFO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n vs air and NHF\n air<\/jats:sub>\n (683[903], 690[1338], 346[247], 319[415]s, respectively,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001; O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n vs NHFO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.117). Supplemental O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n and NHFO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n reduced isotime ventilation vs air (47\u2009\u00b1\u200922, 44\u2009\u00b1\u200920, 63\u2009\u00b1\u200929\u2009L\u00b7min\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n ,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001), driven by lower respiratory rates (36\u2009\u00b1\u20099, 37\u2009\u00b1\u20098, 44\u2009\u00b1\u200910 br\u00b7min\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n ,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001). Supplemental O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n and NHFO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n reduced isotime dyspnea vs air (4[3.5], 3.5[2.5], 7 [3],\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001) and NHFO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n vs NHF\n air<\/jats:sub>\n (3.5[2.5] vs 6[1.5],\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.016). NHF\n air<\/jats:sub>\n lowered isotime ventilation (9.0\u2009\u00b1\u20096.2\u2009L\u00b7min\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n ,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.012) but did not improve dyspnea and exercise time vs air.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n Supplemental O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n and NHFO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n improved dyspnea and exercise time at \u201ciso\u2010O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n saturation\u201d in severely hypoxemic\n f<\/jats:italic>\n \u2010ILD. Physiological benefits from supplemental O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n (including lower ventilation) are thus likely primary drivers of dyspnea relief and improved exercise tolerance on NHFO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n vs air in\n f<\/jats:italic>\n \u2010ILD.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Clinical Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n \n NCT07129707 (registered at\n ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n ).\n \n \n image<\/jats:alt-text>\n <\/jats:graphic>\n <\/jats:boxed-text>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/resp.70251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T04:30:30Z","timestamp":1775795430000},"page":"732-744","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Determinants of Improved Dyspnea and Exercise Tolerance With Nasal High\u2010Flow\n \n O\n 2<\/sub>\n <\/scp>\n Therapy in Fibrotic Interstitial Lung Disease: A Pilot Physiological Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Thivent","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Centre Dieulefit Sant\u00e9 Dieulefit France"},{"name":"HP2 Laboratory, INSERM U1300, CHU Grenoble Alpes Univ. Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marylise","family":"Ginoux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Centre Dieulefit Sant\u00e9 Dieulefit France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0831-9222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Verges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HP2 Laboratory, INSERM U1300, CHU Grenoble Alpes Univ. Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"H\u00e9rengt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Centre Dieulefit Sant\u00e9 Dieulefit France"},{"name":"HP2 Laboratory, INSERM U1300, CHU Grenoble Alpes Univ. Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Marillier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HP2 Laboratory, INSERM U1300, CHU Grenoble Alpes Univ. Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200503-483OE"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201308-1483ST"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2019.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2023.104041"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13226"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202009-3608ST"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-215135"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01726-2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0033-2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13083"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2021.106523"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201702-137OI"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pulmoe.2021.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.10550453"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","first-page":"737","volume-title":"MO: Egan's Fundamentals of Respiratory Care","author":"Scanlan C. L. H. A.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.81.4.1739"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10102250"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.14176"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-020-1093-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-021-01727-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00934.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.03814"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000342027"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2019.12.48"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmr.2022.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201807-1255ST"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.99.14613049"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003208"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00289-2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00010-2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00080312"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5147.257"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00745-2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12809"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","first-page":"153","article-title":"Prefrontal Cortex Oxygenation and Neuromuscular Responses to Exhaustive Exercise","volume":"102","author":"Rupp T.","year":"2008","journal-title":"European Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","first-page":"25","volume-title":"Psychophysical Judgment and the Process of Perception","author":"Borg G.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13664"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2024.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.14684"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103601"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00176190"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/25310429.2025.2466922"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02494-2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2009.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201504-0841OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.11147"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003634"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-1173"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15412555.2020.1858403"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00726-2022"}],"container-title":["Respirology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/resp.70251","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/resp.70251","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/resp.70251","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T03:21:53Z","timestamp":1783480913000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/resp.70251"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/resp.70251"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/resp.70251","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1323-7799","1440-1843"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1323-7799","type":"print"},{"value":"1440-1843","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-31","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}