{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T10:09:45Z","timestamp":1753870185753,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":41,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17gk0110024h0001","17cm0106XXXh0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17gk0110024h0001","17cm0106XXXh0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reprod Medicine &amp; Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>At present, there are so many living things on the earth. Most of these organisms have a reproductive strategy called sexual reproduction. Among organisms that reproduce sexually, mammals have an extremely complex and seemingly unnatural method of reproduction, or viviparity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>As an approach to understanding the nature of viviparity, the author have tried to outline the common life phenomena of embryos, cancers, and parasites based on the literature to date, with internal parasites as the keyword.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Embryo, cancer, and parasite are constituted as a systemic interaction with the host (mother). Based on these facts, the author proposed the hypothesis that in the case of mammals, \"the fetus is essentially harmful to the mother\", and that the parasitic fetus grows by skillfully evading the mother's foreign body exclusion mechanism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Comparative studies of \"embryos\", \"cancers\", and \"parasites\" as foreign bodies have the potential to produce unexpected discoveries in their respective fields. It is important to consider the evolutionary time axis that the basic structure of our mammalian body arose over 200\u00a0million years from the Mesozoic Triassic, the period immediately after the Paleozoic Era, when life on Earth became massively extinct.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/rmb2.12447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T09:06:16Z","timestamp":1644570376000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Embryos, cancers, and parasites: Potential applications to the study of reproductive biology in view of their similarity as biological phenomena"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4759-9765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshihiko","family":"Araki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Environmental &amp; Gender\u2010specific Medicine Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine  Chiba Japan"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Division of Microbiology and Immunology Department of Pathology and Microbiology Nihon University School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830050208"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/55.3.603"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910160204"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/jbiol139"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010genom\u2010082509\u2010141806"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731111001935"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/25785826.2020.1831219"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2012.11.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.2165"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216\u2010016\u20109880\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acc.2018.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2019.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/241256a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014\u20104827(74)90335\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod57.3.487"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/a343"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules20059468"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22063276"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(10)60280\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2015.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10585\u2010017\u20109856\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572\u2010020\u201000216\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","first-page":"1016","article-title":"Revisiting the hallmarks of cancer","volume":"7","author":"Fouad YA","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2009.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/60634"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051885"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2006\u20100469"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn673"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08820139.2016.1197241"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00154\u201019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349\u20107006.2009.01303.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","first-page":"395","article-title":"Cancer\u2010testis antigens: potential targets for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Ghafouri\u2010Fard S","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20120352"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2014.244"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010genom\u2010082509\u2010141806"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2017.01.130"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2017.03.021"},{"volume-title":"The Etiology, Concept and Prophylaxis of Childbed Fever","year":"1983","author":"Die SIP","key":"e_1_2_8_40_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","unstructured":"vanLeeuwenhoekA Record.The Royal Society.2011.https:\/\/catalogues.royalsociety.org\/CalmView\/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&id=NA8438"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999\u2010010\u20101320\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001127"},{"volume-title":"Zoologie und das neue Bild des Menschen","year":"1959","author":"Portman A","key":"e_1_2_8_44_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1993.10011512"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1022896515287"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1022848632125"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000505577"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2016.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz1003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb\u20102001\u20102\u20102\u2010reports0006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1914183116"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","unstructured":"Rakugo.Wikipedia2021.https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rakugo"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.27.2146"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2005.12.010"}],"container-title":["Reproductive Medicine and Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/rmb2.12447","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/rmb2.12447","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/rmb2.12447","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]],"date-time":"2023-08-19T22:21:30Z","timestamp":1692483690000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/rmb2.12447"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/rmb2.12447"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rmb2.12447","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1445-5781","1447-0578"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1445-5781"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1447-0578"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-01-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-01-31","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-02-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e12447"}}