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Various in vitro models utilizing genital mesenchymal\u2010derived cells and explant culture systems are summarized.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>3D reconstruction of section images of murine CC was created. Ectopic chondrogenesis in aged mouse CC was shown by a gene expression study revealing the prominent expression of Sox9. Various experimental strategies utilizing mesenchyme\u2010derived primary cells and tissue explants are introduced.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Possible roles of Sox9 in chondrogenesis and its regulation by several signals are suggested. The unique character of genital mesenchyme is shown by various analyses of external genitalia (ExG) derived cells and explant cultures. Such strategies are also applied to the analysis of erectile contraction\/relaxation responses to many signals and aging process.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Erectile dysfunction (ED) is one of the essential topics for the modern aged society. 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