{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:51:21Z","timestamp":1787313081738,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":36,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reprod Medicine &amp; Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Microdissection TESE has been considered the \u201cgold standard\u201d for retrieving testicular sperm in cases of non\u2010obstructive azoospermia (NOA) despite limited scientific support. Here we compare all aspects of microdissection TESE with testis fine needle aspiration mapping (FNA Mapping) and directed TESE procedures for men with NOA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examine the history of testicular sperm extraction techniques and the rise of advanced technologies with a focus on microdissection TESE and FNA mapping. We summarize the published literature regarding the success rates, complications, and limitations of these two methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As there are no randomized controlled trials, the best data come from the Cochrane Reviews, which include meta\u2010analyses concluding that the simplest and safest methods of sperm retrieval should be chosen. Although microdissection TESE is popular, recent reports have questioned its value due to the significant hypogonadal consequences. Among alternative procedures, FNA Mapping is a viable and less invasive alternative to microdissection TESE in finding testicular sperm in NOA patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Alternatives to microdissection TESE procedures such as FNA Mapping offer several advantages that include similar sperm retrieval success rates, but also less invasiveness and improved understanding of the pathophysiology of NOA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/rmb2.12632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T04:08:59Z","timestamp":1738814939000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Revisiting non\u2010obstructive azoospermia: Is there a best way to retrieve testicular sperm?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5145-7839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoru","family":"Kanto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kanto Clinic  Sendai Japan"},{"name":"Men's Fertility Clinic Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5395-0240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kentaro","family":"Ichioka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Men's Fertility Clinic Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuri","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kanto Clinic  Sendai Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiko","family":"Uchino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Osaka General Hospital of West  Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takayuki","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Torch Clinic  Shibuya Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mareyuki","family":"Endo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sendai Kousei Hospital  Sendai Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)92425-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/spmg.28218"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)40700-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1994.tb07562.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"1031","article-title":"Devroey P","volume":"10","author":"Silber SJ","year":"1995","journal-title":"Sertoli Cell Only Revisited Hum Reprod"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","volume-title":"Sertoli Cell\u2010Only Syndrome","author":"Leslie SW","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)56388-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.03.125"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200101000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/14.12.3048"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(97)00154-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)67526-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a136231"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/4.4.439"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/14.1.131"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/aja.2012.141"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2017.07.07"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12460"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-2322"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der314"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dev139"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13568"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.01.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.06.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000025021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.07.1776"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.13226"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/aja.2011.61"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","first-page":"65","volume-title":"Clinical practice guideline for male infertility","author":"Japanese Urological Association","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-021-02979-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12522-016-0234-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801238-3.64797-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12703\/b\/9\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","article-title":"Techniques for surgical retrieval of sperm prior to ICSI for azoospermia","volume":"3","author":"Van Peperstraten A","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","first-page":"CD002807","article-title":"Techniques for surgical retrieval of sperm prior to intra\u2010cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) for azoospermia","volume":"2","author":"Van Peperstraten A","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2022.980824"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","first-page":"50","article-title":"Sperm fine\u2010needle aspiration (FNA) mapping after failed microdissection testicular sperm extraction (TESE): location and patterns of found sperm","volume":"21","author":"Jarvis S","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","isbn-type":"print","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of reproduction. 3rd edition","author":"Turek PJ","year":"2024","ISBN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/isbn\/9780128151457"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000010914"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-022-02497-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.06.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2023.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060518809257"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/aja.2010.178"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(98)00499-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"Successful targeted testicular sperm extraction using microsurgical technique (microTESE) following fine needle aspiration (FNA) mapping in a non\u2010obstructive azoospermia (NOA) patient: A case report","volume":"22","author":"Birowo P","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Reprod Infertil"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-023-03668-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10153323"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmy015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0144361021000003690"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410x.1999.00169.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","first-page":"88","article-title":"Testicular fine needle aspiration cytology in azoospermic males","volume":"11","author":"Adhikari RC","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nepal Med Coll J"},{"issue":"173","key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","first-page":"78","article-title":"Testicular fine needle aspiration in evaluation of male infertility","volume":"48","author":"Jha R","year":"2009","journal-title":"JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2303.2007.00485.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000502790"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.10477"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11826"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2019.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/10.1.148"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","first-page":"81","article-title":"Percutaneous technique for aspiration of sperm from the epididymis and testicle","volume":"3","author":"Lisek EW","year":"1997","journal-title":"Tech Urol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-2927.2013.00148.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12159"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/aja.2012.141"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajur.2015.04.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbio.2018.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2007.01828.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2013.262"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03009734.2020.1737600"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)64575-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.11.2924"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1445-5781.2002.00006.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_7_73_1","first-page":"1508","article-title":"Four pregnancies in nonmosaic Klinefelter's syndrome using cryopreserved\u2010thawed testicular spermatozoa","volume":"84","author":"Okada H","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2007.03.056"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_7_75_1","first-page":"421","article-title":"Outcomes of micro\u2010dissection TESE in patients with non\u2010mosaic Klinefelter's Syndrome without hormonal treatment","volume":"8","author":"Ozveri H","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Fertil Steril"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.08.007"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_77_1","first-page":"79","article-title":"Using fresh and frozen testicular sperm samples in couples undergoing ICSI\u2010MicroTESE treatment","volume":"14","author":"Tavukcuoglu S","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Reprod Infertil"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/aja.aja_38_20"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmb2.12073"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.03.108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)41603-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eucr.2019.100994"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_7_83_1","first-page":"311","article-title":"Effect of varicocele repair in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia","volume":"62","author":"Takeshima T","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-013-0443-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2009.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOU.0b013e328358e27b"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.169562"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.07.1093"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/aja.aja_29_21"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2022.811487"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/709452"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.06.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2013(Sup01)10"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2017.08.01"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2021.08.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000001520"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmaa006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmaa007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmz028"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.01.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.11.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/and.14208"}],"container-title":["Reproductive Medicine and Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/rmb2.12632","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/rmb2.12632","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/rmb2.12632","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T08:55:56Z","timestamp":1769590556000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/rmb2.12632"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/rmb2.12632"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rmb2.12632","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1445-5781","1447-0578"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1445-5781","type":"print"},{"value":"1447-0578","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-08-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e12632"}}