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In contrast, adolescents with TAI may exhibit elevated AMH. Observational studies describe a frequent coexistence of TAI and POI; however, Mendelian randomization analyses suggest that POI may predispose to TAI rather than the reverse. Mechanistic studies show that thyroid hormones act directly on ovarian cells via thyroid hormone receptors, while immune\u2010mediated pathways involving cytokines, oxidative stress, and anti\u2010ovarian antibodies may contribute to follicular dysfunction. Evidence regarding assisted reproductive technology outcomes in euthyroid TAI remains inconsistent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TAI may exert a subtle influence on ovarian reserve through complex endocrine and immune mechanisms, with age\u2010specific variation. Although AMH alterations are observed, their clinical relevance for fertility and treatment outcomes remains unclear, highlighting the need for longitudinal studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/rmb2.70052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T05:15:22Z","timestamp":1776316522000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Autoimmune Thyroid Disease and Female Fertility: Clinical Evidence on Ovarian Reserve, Infertility Treatment Outcomes, and Pathophysiology"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0031-884X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akira","family":"Iwase","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine  Maebashi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuko","family":"Hasegawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine  Maebashi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3944-8115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshikazu","family":"Kitahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine  Maebashi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung Chik","family":"Jwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Jichi Medical University  Tochigi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5300-0037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiromitsu","family":"Shirasawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Akita University Graduate School of Medicine  Akita Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2661-9034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michio","family":"Kitajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's Medical Center, Takagi Hospital\/Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine International University of Health and Welfare  Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukiko","family":"Katagiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Toho University  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miyuki","family":"Harada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine the University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Kawamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine the University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoko","family":"Osuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Aichi Medical University School of Medicine  Nagakute Aichi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29376"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4842316"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/17446651.3.2.127"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.18.1.0291"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmh008"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"276","article-title":"A Potential Novel Mechanism for Precocious Puberty in Juvenile Hypothyroidism","volume":"80","author":"Anasti J. 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