{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T17:44:04Z","timestamp":1792604644910,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":258,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reprod Medicine &amp;amp; Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Histopathological assessment of plasma cells (PCs) via CD138 immunohistochemistry, the diagnostic gold standard for chronic endometritis (CE), is methodologically heterogeneous. Does reported variation in CE prevalence reflect underlying pathobiology, or is it primarily an artifact of counting methodology? We quantified how HPF selection strategy, field count, and magnification influence observed prevalence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We retrospectively studied 886 treatment\u2010na\u00efve patients suspected of CE. CD138\u2010stained biopsies were digitized; a three\u2010pathologist consensus reference validated an AI pipeline for PC detection. Four counting methods were applied across two magnifications (200\u00d7 vs. 400\u00d7) and multiple thresholds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Inter\u2010observer reliability was higher for digital (ICC\u2009=\u20090.99) than microscopy\u2010based assessment (ICC\u2009=\u20090.73). The AI pipeline (F1: 0.89\u20130.97) outperformed manual microscopy (F1: 0.67\u20130.89) and matched digital assessment (F1: 0.81\u20131.00). At a fixed threshold and field count (\u2265\u20095 PCs, \u00d7400, 10 HPFs), field\u2010selection strategy alone shifted prevalence from 3.1% (Random Sampling) to 69.5% (Independent Hotspot),\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001. Magnification also significantly altered CE classification (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diagnostic threshold alone does not fully specify a CE criterion; field\u2010selection strategy, field count, and magnification must also be reported for prevalence estimates to be comparable. Hotspot\u2010based and AI\u2010assisted counting are recommended over random field selection for reproducibility and sensitivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/rmb2.70094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T06:48:36Z","timestamp":1789627716000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Plasma Cell Counting Methodology Determines Chronic Endometritis Prevalence"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9405-6415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Gruszczy\u0144ski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility MedART  Poznan Poland"},{"name":"Institute of Computing Science Poznan University of Technology  Poznan Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5615-5935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kacper","family":"Tr\u0119bacz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility MedART  Poznan Poland"},{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics and Information Science Warsaw University of Technology  Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4588-5398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beata","family":"Kubiaczyk\u2010Paluch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility MedART  Poznan Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5740-6736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Dworacki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility MedART  Poznan Poland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathomorphology Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences  Poznan Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9753-5948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142 J.","family":"Dopiera\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncological Pathology University Clinical Hospital, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences  Poznan Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0182-076X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Kolecka\u2010Bednarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences  Poznan Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Frankowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Obstetrics and Gynecology University Clinical Hospital, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences  Poznan Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1806-3715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mi\u0142osz","family":"Kadzi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computing Science Poznan University of Technology  Poznan Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0962-3860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"\u017bak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility MedART  Poznan Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2022.103637"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815\u2010022\u201002558\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.980511"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815\u2010021\u201002356\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815\u2010021\u201002374\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmb2.12525"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2025.104796"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905\u2010021\u201001239\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmb2.12394"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.04.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.03.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13482"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der341"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010017\u201017204\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","unstructured":"I.Robinson P.Robicheaux andM.Popov \u201cRF\u2010DETR \u201d2025 https:\/\/github.com\/roboflow\/rf\u2010detr."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T.Akiba S.Sano T.Yanase T.Ohta andM.Koyama \u201cOptuna: A Next\u2010Generation Hyperparameter Optimization Framework \u201darXiv 2019 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.1907.10902.","DOI":"10.1145\/3292500.3330701"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13671"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","unstructured":"M.Oquab T.Darcet T.Moutakanni et\u00a0al. \u201cDINOv2: Learning Robust Visual Features Without Supervision \u201darXiv 2023 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.2304.07193."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z.Zhou M. M. R.Siddiquee N.Tajbakhsh andJ.Liang \u201cUNet++: Redesigning Skip Connections to Exploit Multiscale Features in Image Segmentation \u201darXiv 2019 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.1912.05074.","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2019.2959609"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/0105003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010020\u20102649\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S.SeaboldandJ.Perktold \u201cStatsmodels: Econometric and Statistical Modeling With Python \u201d9th Python Sci Conf 2010.","DOI":"10.25080\/Majora-92bf1922-011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","first-page":"2825","article-title":"Scikit\u2010Learn: Machine Learning in Python","volume":"12","author":"Pedregosa F.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103146"}],"container-title":["Reproductive Medicine and Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/rmb2.70094","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/rmb2.70094","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/rmb2.70094","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T17:26:06Z","timestamp":1792603566000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/rmb2.70094"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/rmb2.70094"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rmb2.70094","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1445-5781","1447-0578"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1445-5781","type":"print"},{"value":"1447-0578","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70094"}}