{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T03:39:33Z","timestamp":1785469173315,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,12]],"date-time":"2015-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1447286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research, India","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Reviews in Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Ebola viruses are causative agent of a severe Ebola virus disease (EVD) or Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) in human and other primates. Transmission of EVD occurs through the contact of body fluids from infected persons or animals, making it one of the most epidemic diseases worldwide. Underestimating the Ebola virus has cost loss of precious human lives in recent years. Ebola virus outbreak in year 2014 created a history, affecting a larger population in a wide geographical region of African sub\u2010continent. EVD outbreaks have a case fatality rate of up to 70%. Ebola viruses are endemic in regions of Africa. Ebola viruses mainly target the hepatocytes, endothelial, and macrophage\u2010rich lymphoid tissues and are characterized by immune suppression and a systemic inflammatory response that causes impairment of the vascular, coagulation, and immune systems. This impairment leads to multifocal necrosis and multi organ failure, and thus, in some ways, resembling septic shock. Currently, neither a specific treatment nor a vaccine licensed for use in humans is available. This review is focused on general characteristic of Ebola viruses, its pathogenesis, immunological response of host, and recent approaches for vaccine development against EVD. Copyright \u00a9 2015 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,12]],"date-time":"2015-11-12T08:08:35Z","timestamp":1447315715000},"page":"49-56","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["<i>Retracted:<\/i> Ebola virus: an introduction and its pathology"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Gurpreet","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology Panjab University  Chandigarh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arbind","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology Panjab University  Chandigarh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kashmir","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology Panjab University  Chandigarh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jagdeep","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology Panjab University  Chandigarh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [accessed March 20 2010]Bioterrorism agents\/diseases.http:\/\/www.bt.cdc.gov\/agent\/agentlistcategory.asp#a"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000149300"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.220398297"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.10.4855-4865.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02349-05"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.8.3602"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1995.0052"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01718165"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/515386"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/514305"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.2001.0503"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0805.010284"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","first-page":"247","article-title":"Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Sudan, 1976","volume":"56","author":"WHO","year":"1978","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","first-page":"271","article-title":"WHO. Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Zaire, 1976","volume":"56","year":"1978","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/514284"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/514306"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/514291"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/514319"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63591-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","first-page":"115","article-title":"Experimental infection of cynomolgus macaques with Ebola\u2013Reston filoviruses from the 1989\u20131990 U.S. epizootic","volume":"11","author":"Jahrling PB","year":"1996","journal-title":"Archives of Virology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.6086.541"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","unstructured":"International Society for Infectious Diseases.Ebola lab accident death\u2014Russia (Siberia). 2004 May 22. Archive number 20040522.1377http:\/\/www.promedmail.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","unstructured":"International Society for Infectious Diseases.Ebola virus needlestick injury\u2014Germany: (Hamburg). 2009 Mar 17. Archive number 20090317.1084http:\/\/www.promedmail.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0301.970107"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0167"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","first-page":"140","article-title":"Lethal experimental infection of rhesus monkeys with Ebola\u2013Zaire (Mayinga) virus by the oral and conjunctival route of exposure","volume":"120","author":"Jaax NK","year":"1996","journal-title":"Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","first-page":"103","volume-title":"Ebola Virus Haemorrhagic Fever","author":"Breman JG","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.09.082"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711470308"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/514293"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63592-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-59949-1_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/517704"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/78645"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_36_1","first-page":"43","volume-title":"Ebola Virus Haemorrhagic Fever","author":"Murphy FA","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/7422"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009657006550"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3780021"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.19.10370-10377.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2478(01)00327-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2002.01800.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/514283"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.22.11025-11033.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1998.9446"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3491","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.4.3491-3496.1999","article-title":"Ebola virus selectively inhibits responses to interferons, but not to interleukin\u20101beta, in endothelial cells","volume":"73","author":"Harcourt BH","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.14.7945-7956.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_48_1","first-page":"305","volume-title":"Ebola and Marburg Viruses\u2010Molecular and Cellular Biology","author":"Balser CF","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0020073"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2000.0572"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_51_1","unstructured":"IsaacsonM. SureauP CourteilleG PattynSR.Evola virus haemorrhagic fever. Amsterdam: Elsevier\/North\u2010Holland; 1978. Clinical aspects of Ebola virus disease at the Ngaliema hospital Kinshasa Zaire 1976; p.15\u201020."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000281468.94108.4B"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/152.5.887"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/166.4.753"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/379724"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(80)92352-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.2012.685152"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1519"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.18.9733-9737.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.26.14764"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35046108"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1410863"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1414216"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1502924"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab3920"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1944","type":"retraction","label":"Retraction","source":"retraction-watch","updated":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,21]],"date-time":"2017-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505952000000},"record-id":"12946"}],"container-title":["Reviews in Medical Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Frmv.1863","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Frmv.1863","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/rmv.1863","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T13:16:19Z","timestamp":1696511779000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/rmv.1863"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,12]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/rmv.1863"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rmv.1863","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1052-9276","1099-1654"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1052-9276","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1654","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,12]]}}}