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EV\u2010A71 also caused fatal neurological complications in young children especially in Asia. On the basis of seroepidemiological studies from many Asian countries, EV\u2010A71 infection is very common. Children of very young age are particularly vulnerable. Large\u2010scale epidemics that occur every 3 to 4 years are associated with accumulation of an immunologically naive younger population. Capsid proteins especially VP1 with the presence of major B\u2010 and T\u2010cell epitopes are the most antigenic proteins. The nonstructural proteins mainly contribute to T\u2010cell epitopes that induce cross\u2010reactive immune responses against other enteroviruses. Dominant epitopes and their neutralization magnitudes differ in mice, rabbits, and humans. Neutralizing antibody is sufficient for immune protection, but poorer cellular immunity may lead to severe neurological complications and deaths. Some chemokines\/cytokines are consistently found in severely ill patients, for example, IL\u20106, IL\u201010, IL\u201017A, MCP\u20101, IL\u20108, MIG, IP\u201010, IFN\u2010\u03b3, and G\u2010CSF. An increase in white cell counts is a risk factor for severe HFMD. Recent clinical trials on EV\u2010A71 inactivated vaccine showed &gt;90% efficacy and a robust neutralization response that was protective, indicating neutralizing antibody correlates for protection. No protection against other enteroviruses was observed. A comprehensive understanding of the immune responses to EV\u2010A71 infection will benefit the development of diagnostic tools, potential therapeutics, and subunit vaccine candidates. Future development of a multivalent enterovirus vaccine will require knowledge of correlates of protection, understanding of cross\u2010protection and memory T\u2010cell responses among enteroviruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T13:06:47Z","timestamp":1564664807000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Immune responses against enterovirus A71 infection: Implications for vaccine success"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Kam Leng","family":"Aw\u2010Yong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine University of Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nik Mohd Nasir","family":"NikNadia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of 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