{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T10:42:50Z","timestamp":1761129770463,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,12]],"date-time":"2020-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reviews in Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>The SARS\u2010Cov\u20102 is a single\u2010stranded RNA virus composed of 16 non\u2010structural proteins (NSP 1\u201016) with specific roles in the replication of coronaviruses. NSP3 has the property to block host innate immune response and to promote cytokine expression. NSP5 can inhibit interferon (IFN) signalling and NSP16 prevents MAD5 recognition, depressing the innate immunity. Dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages are the first cell lineage against viruses' infections. The IFN type I is the danger signal for the human body during this clinical setting. Protective immune responses to viral infection are initiated by innate immune sensors that survey extracellular and intracellular space for foreign nucleic acids. In Covid\u201019 the pathogenesis is not yet fully understood, but viral and host factors seem to play a key role. Important points in severe Covid\u201019 are characterized by an upregulated innate immune response, hypercoagulopathy state, pulmonary tissue damage, neurological and\/or gastrointestinal tract involvement, and fatal outcome in severe cases of macrophage activation syndrome, which produce a \u2018cytokine storm\u2019. These systemic conditions share polymorphous cutaneous lesions where innate immune system is involved in the histopathological findings with acute respiratory distress syndrome, hypercoagulability, hyperferritinemia, increased serum levels of D\u2010dimer, lactic dehydrogenase, reactive\u2010C\u2010protein and serum A amyloid. It is described that several polymorphous cutaneous lesions similar to erythema pernio, urticarial rashes, diffuse or disseminated erythema, livedo racemosa, blue toe syndrome, retiform purpura, vesicles lesions, and purpuric exanthema or exanthema with clinical aspects of symmetrical drug\u2010related intertriginous and flexural exanthema. This review describes the complexity of Covid\u201019, its pathophysiological and clinical aspects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]],"date-time":"2020-07-13T03:05:12Z","timestamp":1594609512000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Lessons from dermatology about inflammatory responses in Covid\u201019"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9785-6099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Ricardo","family":"Criado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Department Centro Universit\u00e1rio Sa\u00fade ABC  Santo Andr\u00e9 Brazil"},{"name":"Dermatology Department, Faculdade de Medicina Centro Universit\u00e1rio Sa\u00fade ABC  Santo Andr\u00e9 Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6210-6917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Pagliari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Department, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisca Regina Oliveira","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Biological and Health Sciences State University of Par\u00e1  Bel\u00e9m Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6267-9966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juarez Antonio Sim\u00f5es","family":"Quaresma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Biological and Health Sciences State University of Par\u00e1  Bel\u00e9m Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-020-03263-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"Coronavirus Resource Center of the John Hopkins University. Disposable onhttps:\/\/coronavirus.jhu.edu\/map.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16387"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2020.1747634"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14289"},{"issue":"0","key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"E006","article-title":"Clinical and coagulation characteristics of 7 patients with critical Covid\u20102019 pneumonia and acro\u2010ischemia","volume":"41","author":"Zhang Y","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1741327"},{"journal-title":"Eur J Ped Dermatol","article-title":"Acute acro\u2010ischemia in the child at the time of Covid\u201019","author":"Azzotta F","key":"e_1_2_9_9_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.13329"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.13310"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","article-title":"Emergency management for preventing and controlling nosocomial infection of the 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for the dermatology department","author":"Tao J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16412"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16391"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.13295"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.13357"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16411"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2006141"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2004.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25681"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","unstructured":"Asian Pacific Journal of Allergy and Immunology 2020 Immune responses in COVID\u201019 and potential vaccines: Lessons learned from SARS and MERS epidemic"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-051116-052331"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25685"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/r3k9l6","article-title":"Covid\u201019: the new challenge for rheumatologists","volume":"38","author":"Ferro F","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/xcdary"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1570"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2017.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.03.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.20105114"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02202-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01542-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.05.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1462"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2008.02954.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901194"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12324502"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-017-0630-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.03.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30076-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200909-1420OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2019.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2007575"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/sarh.2002.28303"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68474-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2011.04340.x"},{"issue":"1002","key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","article-title":"Critically ill Covid\u201019 infected patients exhibit increased clot waveform analysis parameters consistent with hypercoagulability","volume":"10","author":"Tan CW","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Difference of coagulation features between severe pneumonia induced by SARS\u2010CoV2 and non\u2010SARS\u2010CoV2","author":"Yin S","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thromb Thrombolysis"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14817"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.26522"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","first-page":"e7343","article-title":"Acetazolamide, nifedipine and phosphodiesterase inhibitors: Rationale for their utilization as adjunctive countermeasures in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid\u201019)","volume":"12","author":"Solaimanzadeh I.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx321"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02734"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01059"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00344"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.04.063"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-011-2025-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.13466"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2018.1.313"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734614535407"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12225"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.13043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.134.4.447"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2011.07.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2015.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.13997"},{"volume-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","year":"2020","author":"Iqbal AM","key":"e_1_2_9_72_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-011-0556-y"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","first-page":"e258","article-title":"Livedoid vasculopathy and its association with factor V Leiden mutation","volume":"53","author":"Yong AA","year":"2012","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","first-page":"SR29","article-title":"Pentoxifylline and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): a drug to be considered","volume":"9","author":"Bermejo Martin JF","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/095632020601700505"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2010.03646.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines6030080"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14821"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8101747"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","first-page":"365","article-title":"Lipodermatosclerosis: successful treatment with danazol","volume":"85","author":"Hafner C","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.164217"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06843.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-006-0367-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.183635"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_9_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V41N9p400","article-title":"A ten\u2010year retrospective study on livedo vasculopathy in Asian patients","volume":"41","author":"Gan EY","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapore"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgpopen20X101069"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2416"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14828"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.05.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12233"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.13229"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_96_1","first-page":"356","article-title":"Livedoid vasculitis: about five cases treated with cyclosporin","volume":"19","author":"Leclerc AF","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nouvelles Dermatologiques"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1160\/TH07-01-0037"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.19.3.2032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_99_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Efficacy of an anti\u2010TNF\u2010alpha agent in refractory livedoid vasculopathy: a retrospective analysis","volume":"9","author":"Gao Y","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dermatolog Treat"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_100_1","first-page":"76","article-title":"Lipoprotein (a): structure, pathophysiology and clinical implications","volume":"103","author":"Maranh\u00e3o RC","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arq Bras Cardiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951105000454"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00013.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.04.032"},{"journal-title":"ChemRxiv","year":"2020","author":"Wenzhong liu","key":"e_1_2_9_104_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.200334"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102537"}],"container-title":["Reviews in Medical Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Frmv.2130","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/rmv.2130","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/rmv.2130","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/rmv.2130","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T07:31:29Z","timestamp":1693899089000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/rmv.2130"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,12]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/rmv.2130"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rmv.2130","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1052-9276","1099-1654"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1052-9276"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1099-1654"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-05-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-05-15","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-07-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2130"}}