{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:18:28Z","timestamp":1791497908946,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]],"date-time":"2020-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reviews in Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Since the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid\u201019), many studies have been performed to characterize severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102) and find the optimum way to combat this virus. After suggestions and assessments of several therapeutic options, remdesivir (GS\u20105734), a direct\u2010acting antiviral drug previously tested against Ebola virus disease, was found to be moderately effective and probably safe for inhibiting SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 replication. Finally, on 1 May 2020, remdesivir (GS\u20105734) was granted emergency use authorization as an investigational drug for the treatment of Covid\u201019 by the Food and Drug Administration. However, without a doubt, there are challenging days ahead. Here, we provide a review of the latest findings (based on preprints, post\u2010prints, and news releases in scientific websites) related to remdesivir efficacy and safety for the treatment of Covid\u201019, along with covering remdesivir history from bench\u2010to\u2010bedside, as well as an overview of its mechanism of action. In addition, active clinical trials, as well as challenging issues related to the future of remdesivir in Covid\u201019, are covered. Up to the date of writing this review (19 May 2020), there is one finished randomized clinical trial and two completed non\u2010randomized studies, in addition to some ongoing studies, including three observational studies, two expanded access studies, and seven active clinical trials registered on the <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\">clinicaltrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link> and <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/isrctn.com\">isrctn.com<\/jats:ext-link> websites. Based on these studies, it seems that remdesivir could be an effective and probably safe treatment option for Covid\u201019. However, more randomized controlled studies are required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]],"date-time":"2020-07-30T08:00:14Z","timestamp":1596096014000},"page":"1-13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Remdesivir: A beacon of hope from Ebola virus disease to <scp>COVID<\/scp>\u201019"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1286-1858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Nili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Autoimmune Bullous Diseases Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abolfazl","family":"Farbod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afarin","family":"Neishabouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Mozafarihashjin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Sinai Health System  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Sinai Health System Lunenfeld\u2010Tanenbaum Research Institute  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soheil","family":"Tavakolpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autoimmune Bullous Diseases Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Dana\u2010Farber Cancer Institute Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamidreza","family":"Mahmoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Autoimmune Bullous Diseases Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17180"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00221-18"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06215-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1910993"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"157","article-title":"WHO declares COVID\u201019 a pandemic","volume":"91","author":"Cucinotta D","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","unstructured":"(WHO) World Health Organization. Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID\u201019) and the virus that causes it. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019\/technical-guidance\/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25801"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","first-page":"e325\u2013e331","article-title":"Interleukin\u20101 blockade with high\u2010dose anakinra in patients with COVID\u201019, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and hyperinflammation: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Giulio C","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31042-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","first-page":"eabc1560","article-title":"Structural basis for inhibition of the RNA\u2010dependent RNA polymerase from SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 by remdesivir","author":"Wanchao Y","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1922083117"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43395"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aal3653"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0282-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104786"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","unstructured":"Administration U.S. Food and Drug. Coronavirus (COVID\u201019) Update: FDA Issues Emergency Use Authorization for Potential COVID\u201019 Treatment.2020Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-issues-emergency-use-authorization-potential-covid-19-treatment"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31022-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/17460441.3.6.671"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13940-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104793"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31252-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aau9242"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ChangC JianyingH ChengZ WuJ SongC YongxiZ et al. Favipiravir versus arbidol for COVID\u201019: a randomized clinical trial. MedRxiv2020.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.17.20037432"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.6b01594"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v11040326"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA120.013679"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006889"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.202000047"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1201130109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.AC120.013056"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0118-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2017.01.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-020-0153-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar\/ilx026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.93.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2018.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10280-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00806-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01509-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03011-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","article-title":"Observational study of Hydroxychloroquine in hospitalized patients with Covid\u201019","volume":"2012410","author":"Geleris J","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001282"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","unstructured":"WatanabeSChanM SuzukiW Nikkei Staff Writers. China says Japan\u2010developed drug Avigan works against coronavirus. Positive reception by Chinese government contrasts with reservations in Japan.2020Retrieved from:https:\/\/asia.nikkei.com\/Spotlight\/Coronavirus\/China-says-Japan-developed-drug-Avigan-works-against-coronavirus"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ChangC YiZ JianyingH PingY ChengZ WuJ et al. Favipiravir versus Arbidol for COVID\u201019: a randomized clinical trial. medRxiv.2020: March 17 2020. 20037432.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.17.20037432"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","unstructured":"ShenL RunnanS JingdongH XinhaoL XushunG. Molecular Modeling Evaluation of the Binding Effect of Ritonavir Lopinavir and Darunavir to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Proteases. bioRxiv.2020: January 31 2020. 929695."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"OmotuyiO.I.;Nash O.;Ajiboye B.O.;Metibemu D.S.;Oyinloye B.E.;Adelakun N.S.;Hurdayal R.;Aruleba R.T.;Kappo A.P.Darunavir disrupts critical nodes in metastable 2019\u2010nCoV\u2010RBD\/ACE\u20102 complex. Preprints2020; 2020030125.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202003.0125.v1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117592"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1747363"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15072"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104787"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","unstructured":"GeorgiM DenitsaM. Ivermectin as a potential COVID\u201019 treatment from the pharmacokinetic point of view. medRxiv.2020: April 11 2020. 20061804."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-017-0829-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30628-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2005615117"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","first-page":"e200994","article-title":"Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China","author":"Wu C","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4783"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001191"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2403"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","first-page":"e00221","article-title":"Graves Cornelia R. the use of convalescent plasma therapy and remdesivir in the successful management of a critically ill obstetric patient with novel coronavirus 2019 infection: a case report","author":"Jonathon A","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Rep Women's Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","unstructured":"(ICNARC) Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre. ICNARC report on COVID\u201019 in critical care. April 17 2020 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104899"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Early experience with remdesivir in SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 pneumonia","author":"Durante\u2010Mangoni E","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31023-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","unstructured":"(NIH) National Institutes of Health. NIH Clinical Trial Shows Remdesivir Accelerates Recovery from Advanced COVID\u201019. 2020 Retrieved on April 29 2020 from:https:\/\/www.niaid.nih.gov\/news-events\/nih-clinical-trial-shows-remdesivir-accelerates-recovery-advanced-covid-19"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007764"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","unstructured":"Gilead Sciences Inc. Gilead Announces Results From Phase 3 Trial of Investigational Antiviral Remdesivir in Patients With Severe COVID\u201019.2020Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.gilead.com\/news-and-press\/press-room\/press-releases\/2020\/4\/gilead-announces-results-from-phase-3-trial-of-investigational-antiviral-remdesivir-in-patients-with-severe-covid-19"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","unstructured":"(WHO) World Health Organization. R&D Blueprint and COVID\u201019. 2020 Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/blueprint\/covid-19"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2015301"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","first-page":"e13476","article-title":"Cutaneous side\u2010effects of the potential Covid\u201019 drugs","author":"Tursen U","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","article-title":"COVID\u201019 and the cardiovascular system: implications for risk assessment, diagnosis, and treatment options","volume":"106","author":"Guzik TJ","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa444"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","unstructured":"(NIH) National Institutes of Health. NIH clinical trial testing antiviral remdesivir plus anti\u2010inflammatory drug baricitinib for COVID\u201019 begins.2020Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.nih.gov\/news-events\/news-releases\/nih-clinical-trial-testing-antiviral-remdesivir-plus-anti-inflammatory-drug-baricitinib-covid-19-begins"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","unstructured":"Policy Center for Infectious Disease Research. COVID\u201019: The CIDRAP Viewpoint.2020Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/public\/downloads\/cidrap-covid19-viewpoint-part1_0.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.32077"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","first-page":"cmaj.200920","article-title":"Impact of climate and public health interventions on the COVID\u201019 pandemic: a prospective cohort study","author":"J\u00fcni Peter RM","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb5793"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2020.1739001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30567-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The equitable distribution of COVID\u201019 therapeutics and vaccines","author":"Bollyky TJ","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","unstructured":"(WHO) World Health Organization. WHO Solidarity Trial \u2013 Accelerating a safe and effective COVID\u201019 vaccine.2020. Retrieved from:https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019\/global-research-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov\/solidarity-trial-accelerating-a-safe-and-effective-covid-19-vaccine"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1679"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-00798-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0323-4"}],"container-title":["Reviews in Medical Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Frmv.2133","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/rmv.2133","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/rmv.2133","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/rmv.2133","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T00:34:58Z","timestamp":1693874098000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/rmv.2133"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/rmv.2133"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rmv.2133","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1052-9276","1099-1654"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1052-9276","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1654","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-05-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-05-25","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-07-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}