{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T20:31:12Z","timestamp":1792009872600,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]],"date-time":"2020-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reviews in Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are an important cause of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) in children less than 5\u2009years, second only to human respiratory syncytial viruses (HRSVs). Generally, patients infected with HPIVs are treated in outpatient clinics, yet also contribute to ARTI\u2010associated hospitalization in children. Although HPIV infections are well studied in developed countries, these infections remain under\u2010investigated and not considered in the routine laboratory diagnosis of childhood ARTI in many developing countries in Asia. We performed an extensive literature search on the prevalence, epidemiology, and burden of HPIV infections in children less than 5\u2009years in Asia using PubMed and PubMed Central search engines. Based on the literature, the prevalence of HPIV infection in Asia ranges from 1% to 66%. According to many studies, HPIV\u20103 is the major virus circulating among children; however, several studies failed to detect HPIV\u20104 due to unavailability of diagnostic tools. In Asian countries, HPIV contributes a substantial disease burden in children. The data in this review should assist researchers and public health authorities to plan preventive measures, including accelerating research on vaccines and antiviral drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]],"date-time":"2020-09-30T08:22:13Z","timestamp":1601454133000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["A review on disease burden and epidemiology of childhood parainfluenza virus infections in Asian countries"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7190-9666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rukshan A. M.","family":"Rafeek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology University of Peradeniya  Peradeniya Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maduja V. M.","family":"Divarathna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology University of Peradeniya  Peradeniya Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2018-0606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faseeha","family":"Noordeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology University of Peradeniya  Peradeniya Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61698-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2015.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318212ea50"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2015.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881600323X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.6.1758"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200107000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.2.242-264.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S25874"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043893"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032056"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-7-35"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-35-4-219"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.167297"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2012.00507.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-016-2139-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/36.1.24"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","first-page":"280","article-title":"Viral diagnosis in acute respiratory infections using the indirect immunofluorescence technique","volume":"37","author":"Iqbal JAF","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147041"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","first-page":"1024","article-title":"Prevalence of parainfluenza and influenza viruses amongst children with upper respiratory tract infection","volume":"21","author":"Nasrallah GK","year":"2000","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JPI-140432"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","unstructured":"JayamahaCJS RatnayakeNR KarunaratneK.Prevalence of subtypes of parainfluenza virus in a selected group of children with severe acute respiratory symptoms.25th Annual Scientific Sessions Sri Lanka College of Microbiologists Bulletin.2016:14(1)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.02.980"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044568"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","first-page":"407","article-title":"Viral etiology and clinical features of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) in children under 5\u2009years admitted to the Children's Hospital in Suzhou, China. Fudan University","volume":"40","author":"Yan\u2010Wei JJH","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2012.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12336"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24580"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.67.506"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199512000-00005"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","first-page":"1558","article-title":"Etiology and clinical features of severe acute viral lower respiratory tract infections in children","volume":"43","author":"Jeon NLKB","year":"2000","journal-title":"Korean J Pediatr"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2014.57.1.29"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268898008905"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000062"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1754.1999.00359.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-12-32"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/prcm.prcm_2_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/161.2.175"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","first-page":"684","article-title":"Etiology of acute lower respiratory infection in Filipino children under five years","volume":"25","author":"Capeding MR","year":"1994","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181af61e9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160606"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.1.111-118.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31826fd40d"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060634"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09006-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25237"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.08.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/44.2.100"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","first-page":"1348","article-title":"Viral etiology of respiratory infections in children in southwestern Saudi Arabia using multiplex reverse\u2010transcriptase polymerase chain reaction","volume":"35","author":"Al\u2010Ayed MS","year":"2014","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Viral etiology and symptoms of acute upper respiratory tract infections in children","volume":"39","author":"\u00dcn\u00fcvar E","year":"2009","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1824-7288-39-22"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4274\/tpa.493"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1585585"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Etiology, seasonality, and clinical features of viral respiratory tract infections in children hospitalized with acute bronchiolitis: a single\u2010center study","volume":"4","author":"G\u00f6k\u00e7e \u015e","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob Pediatr Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24544"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23330"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.10.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2225-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Single\u2010center study of viral respiratory tract infections in hospitalized children from the Kurdistan region of Iraq","volume":"5","author":"Hassan DA","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob Pediatr Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","first-page":"590","article-title":"Respiratory viruses in hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory tract infections, Mazandaran Province, Iran","volume":"45","author":"Farshad N","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181e2062e"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","first-page":"46958019850731","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory infections with influenza and noninfluenza respiratory Viruses: Yemen, 2011\u20102016","volume":"56","author":"Al Amad MA","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inquiry"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02759919"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201497"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174488"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7235482"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","first-page":"610","article-title":"Human parainfluenza virus infection in Thai children with lower respiratory tract infection from 2010 to 2013","volume":"45","author":"Ruampunpong H","year":"2014","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12211"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2016.08.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24767-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/507638"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1045-1870(98)80035-6"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","first-page":"189","article-title":"Viral aetiology of wheezing in children under five","volume":"145","author":"Mummidi PS","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12597"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V39N11p837","article-title":"Morbidity of parainfluenza 3 outbreak in preterm infants in a neonatal unit","volume":"39","author":"Teo WY","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapore"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.9.4515-4521.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2012.00393.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.171287"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180954"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.11.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","unstructured":"Annual Health Bulletin.Medical Statistics Unit Ministry of Health Sri Lanka.2012.http:\/\/www.health.gov.lk\/moh_final\/english\/public\/elfinder\/files\/publications\/AHB\/Annual%20Health%20Bulletin%20-%202012.pdf. Accessed March 3 2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-017-0390-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.04.4278"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2015.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.02.008"}],"container-title":["Reviews in Medical Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/rmv.2164","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/rmv.2164","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/rmv.2164","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T18:30:49Z","timestamp":1692988249000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/rmv.2164"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/rmv.2164"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rmv.2164","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1052-9276","1099-1654"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1052-9276","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1654","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-06-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-08-18","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-09-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2164"}}