{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T03:06:49Z","timestamp":1790651209672,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reviews in Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The multi\u2010country outbreak of monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection, while the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic is still an ongoing issue, has caused a new challenge. The re\u2010emergence of MPXV and the rising incidence in non\u2010endemic countries is turning into an upcoming threat to global health. Hence, rapid identification of the virus with appropriate methodology with the lowest false results plays a critical role in estimating the global extent of the crisis and providing preventive measures. This review summarised the main applicable strategies for primary detection and confirmation of MPXV and highlighted available data in biosafety, requirements, standard operating procedures, specimen collection, transportation and storage of clinical samples, and waste disposal of the viral agent. Also, various assays including molecular techniques, immunoassays, histopathological methods, electron microscopy, genomic sequencing, and cell culture have been illustrated. Moreover, we reflected on current knowledge of the advantages and disadvantages of each approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T11:06:17Z","timestamp":1667559977000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Monkeypox virus diagnosis and laboratory testing"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7605-2593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohsen","family":"Nakhaie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences Kerman University of Medical Sciences  Kerman Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasir","family":"Arefinia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology Kerman University of Medical Sciences  Kerman Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javad","family":"Charostad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Shahid Sadoghi University of Medical Science  Yazd Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8029-4920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davood","family":"Bashash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology and Blood Banking School of Allied Medical Sciences Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2239-2055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohadeseh","family":"Haji Abdolvahab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Recombinant Proteins Department Breast Cancer Research Center Motamed Cancer Institute ACECR  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Zarei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renal Division Brigham &amp; Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v12111257"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27894"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","unstructured":"https:\/\/viralzone.expasy.org\/9959"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09\u20100361"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.66.4.2076\u20102085.1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2006.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"94","article-title":"Epidemiology, diagnosis, and control of monkeypox disease: a comprehensive review","volume":"5","author":"Pal M","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Infect Dis Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/poxvirus\/monkeypox\/response\/2022\/world\u2010map.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2010.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.paho.org\/en\/documents\/laboratory\u2010guidelines\u2010detection\u2010and\u2010diagnosis\u2010monkeypox\u2010virus\u2010infection"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779\u2010022\u201000394\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","unstructured":"AssessmentRR.Monkeypox Multi\u2010Country Outbreak;2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7114a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a010199"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.26531"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v4050688"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","volume-title":"Laboratory Testing for the Monkeypox Virus: Interim Guidance, 23 May 2022","author":"Organization WH","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006581"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/498155"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed1010008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncezid\/dhcpp\/pdfs\/dhcpp\u2010diseases\u2010508.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-75623-3_11"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir663"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010141"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","volume-title":"Surveillance, Case Investigation and Contact Tracing for Monkeypox: Interim Guidance, 22 May 2022","author":"Organization WH","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.aphl.org\/programs\/preparedness\/Smallpox\/pdf\/labbiosafetyguide.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","unstructured":"https:\/\/main.mohfw.gov.in\/sites\/default\/files\/Guidelines%20for%20Management%20of%20Monkeypox%20Disease.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/poxvirus\/monkeypox\/lab\u2010personnel\/lab\u2010procedures.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v12080787"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096930"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","unstructured":"OrganizationWH.Guidance on Regulations for the Transport of Infectious Substances 2021\u20102022: Applicable as from 1 January 2021;2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/disease\u2010outbreak\u2010news\/item\/2022\u2010DON390"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2010.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit703"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006342"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574\u20106976.2000.tb00536.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.12.130"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/br.37.1.1\u201018.1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2019.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81215\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21494"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16\u20100567"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35011540"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax8978"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201570103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.0c00380"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.080078197"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/pr050137u"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.80.5.2127\u20102140.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/pr070432"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.08.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743\u2010422x\u20103\u201010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14789450.2016.1147353"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mmbr.00042\u201006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015547"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.169.12.5429\u20105433.1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1225829"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13050779"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12575-019-0113-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113541"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.15126"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam9321"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar6245"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587\u2010020\u20100513\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003\u2010020\u201001374\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201076449\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3780373"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","first-page":"355","article-title":"Monkeypox\u2010specific antibodies in human and simian sera from the Ivory Coast and Nigeria","volume":"53","author":"Gispen R","year":"1976","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0303\u20106987.2005.00254.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1003.030878"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2505.190076"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"Monkeypox: an emerging infection for humans?","volume":"4","author":"Breman JG","year":"2000","journal-title":"Emerg Infect"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.12.7.867\u2010872.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0703.010311"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0264\u2010410x(98)00197\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2012.08.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00241"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","unstructured":"https:\/\/cdn.who.int\/media\/docs\/default\u2010source\/searo\/whe\/monkeypox\/searo\u2010mp\u2010techbrief_priority\u2010actions_300522.pdf?sfvrsn=ae7be762_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_1","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.escmid.org\/escmid_publications\/escmid_elibrary\/material\/?mid=66351"}],"container-title":["Reviews in Medical Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/rmv.2404","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/rmv.2404","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/rmv.2404","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T16:50:30Z","timestamp":1706892630000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/rmv.2404"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/rmv.2404"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rmv.2404","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1052-9276","1099-1654"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1052-9276","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1654","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-08-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-10-20","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-11-04","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2404"}}