{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T03:42:59Z","timestamp":1773286979206,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reviews in Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Autoantibodies (AABs) play a critical role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases (AIDs) and serve as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in assessing these complex disorders. Viral infections have long been recognized as a principal environmental factor affecting the production of AABs and the development of autoimmunity. COVID\u201019 has primarily been considered a hyperinflammatory syndrome triggered by a cytokine storm. In the following, the role of maladaptive B cell response and AABs became more apparent in COVID\u201019 pathogenesis. The current review will primarily focus on the role of extrafollicular B cell response, Toll\u2010like receptor\u20107 (TLR\u20107) activation, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation in the development of AABs following SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection. In the following, this review will clarify how these AABs dysregulate immune response to SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 by disrupting cytokine function and triggering neutrophil hyper\u2010reactivity. Finally, the pathologic effects of these AABs will be further described in COVID\u201019 associate clinical manifestations, including venous and arterial thrombosis, a multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS\u2010C), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and recently described post\u2010acute sequelae of COVID\u201019 (PASC) or long\u2010COVID.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T04:30:38Z","timestamp":1670301038000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Partners in crime: Autoantibodies complicit in COVID\u201019 pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3516-0130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahdi","family":"Taghadosi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Department Faculty of Medicine Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences  Kermanshah Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elham","family":"Safarzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Immunology Ardabil University of Medical Sciences  Ardabil Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Asgarzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students Research Committee School of Medicine Ardabil University of Medical Sciences  Ardabil Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seyed Askar","family":"Roghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Biology Research Center Health Technology Institute Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences  Kermanshah Iran"},{"name":"Clinical Research Development Center Imam Reza Hospital Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences  Kermanshah Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Afsaneh","family":"Shamsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Department Faculty of Medicine Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences  Kermanshah Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cyrus","family":"Jalili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences  Kermanshah Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shirin","family":"Assar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Development Center Imam Reza Hospital Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences  Kermanshah Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Parviz","family":"Soufivand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Development Center Imam Reza Hospital Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences  Kermanshah Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehran","family":"Pournazari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Development Center Imam Reza Hospital Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences  Kermanshah Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Parisa","family":"Feizollahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Department Faculty of Medicine Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences  Kermanshah Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Hossein","family":"Nicknam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Molecular Immunology Research Centre Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vahid","family":"Asghariazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deputy of Research and Technology Ardabil University of Medical Sciences  Ardabil Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siavash","family":"Vaziri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Research Center Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences  Kermanshah Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Shahriari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Immunology Research Center Zahedan University of Medical Sciences  Zahedan Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asadollah","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Research Center Research Institute for Health Development Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences  Sanandaj Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2021.108694"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2005.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020277"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020260"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2021.577636"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841x.2019.1614904"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3731"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm199912303412707"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v11080762"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(20)30183\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.103012"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.698169"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010021\u201003631\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010021\u201025509\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2021.100321"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102597"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590\u2010020\u201000814\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.11.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci154886"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac4919"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.08.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1093616"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010022\u201004642\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01075"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584\u2010020\u201000544\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abl4348"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00318"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107806"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092385"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2016.71"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005580"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.708302"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201076781\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.150111"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abd3876"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591\u2010021\u201001283\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd4585"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967\u2010021\u201003184\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.659339"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(04)16154\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3822"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041382"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis\u20102020\u2010218009"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.12805"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584\u2010020\u201000522\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2006.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26826"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2021.106946"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.601685"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1457"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc6261"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423\u2010020\u20100492\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2017.124"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.62.5.388"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875\u2010019\u201000737\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01517"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u20102172\u201015\u201010"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8375"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5858\/2007\u2010131\u2010452\u2010aaicvb"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_15_66_1","first-page":"136","article-title":"Anti\u2010cytokine autoantibodies in autoimmune diseases","volume":"1","author":"Cappellano G","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179981"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abl4340"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1479\u20105876\u20108\u201097"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.732197"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2021756"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456\u2010008\u20109101\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2665\u20109913(22)00064\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590\u2010021\u201001104\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591\u2010022\u201001689\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591\u2010022\u201001766\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2020.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423\u2010020\u201000542\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2012.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20071859"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154\u2010016\u20109363\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203314558677"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2017.142"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575\u2010019\u20100226\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020277"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.071050898"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/ceji.2016.63130"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2016.0179"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1673\u20105374.245462"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40744\u2010021\u201000334\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016\u2010007\u20108013\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00159"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29532"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/bor.0000000000000398"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath\u20102015\u2010203455"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026\u2010014\u20108596\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.04.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.03.020"}],"container-title":["Reviews in Medical Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/rmv.2412","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/rmv.2412","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/rmv.2412","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]],"date-time":"2024-03-29T05:35:14Z","timestamp":1711690514000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/rmv.2412"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/rmv.2412"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rmv.2412","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1052-9276","1099-1654"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1052-9276","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1654","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-06-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-11-18","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-12-05","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2412"}}