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The use of post\u2010mortem human brain tissue is pivotal for studying the neuroimmune mechanisms of CNS HIV infection. To date, numerous studies have investigated HIV\u20101\u2010induced neuroinflammation in post\u2010mortem brain tissue. However, from the commonly investigated studies in this line of research, it is not clear which neuroinflammatory markers are consistently associated with HIV neurocognitive impairment (NCI) and neuropathology (i.e., HIV\u2010encephalitis, HIVE). Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of the association between neuroinflammation and NCI\/HIVE from studies investigating post\u2010mortem brain tissue. Our aim was to synthesise the published data to date to provide commentary on the most noteworthy markers that are associated with NCI\/HIVE. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched using a search protocol designed specifically for this study. Sixty\u2010one studies were included that investigated the levels of inflammatory markers based on their gene and protein expression in association with NCI\/HIVE. The findings revealed that the (1) transcript expressions of IL\u20101\u03b2 and TNF\u2010\u03b1 were consistently associated with NCI\/HIVE, whereas CCL2 and IL\u20106 were commonly not associated with NCI\/HIVE, (2) protein expressions of CD14, CD16, CD68, Iba\u20101, IL\u20101\u03b2 and TNF\u2010\u03b1 were consistently associated with NCI\/HIVE, while CD45, GFAP, HLA\u2010DR, IL\u20101 and IL\u20106 were commonly not associated with NCI\/HIVE, and (3) gene and protein expressions of CNS IL\u20101\u03b2 and TNF\u2010\u03b1 were consistently associated with NCI\/HIVE, while IL\u20106 was consistently not associated with NCI\/HIVE. These markers highlight the commonly investigated markers in this line of research and elucidates the neuroinflammatory mechanisms in the HIV\u20101 brain that are involved in the pathophysiology of NCI\/HIVE. These markers and related pathways should be investigated for the development of improved diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutics of HAND.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,27]],"date-time":"2024-01-27T09:49:50Z","timestamp":1706348990000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["The relationship between HIV\u20101 neuroinflammation, neurocognitive impairment and encephalitis pathology: A systematic review of studies investigating post\u2010mortem brain tissue"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6698-8451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monray Edward","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Metabolomics North\u2010West University  Potchefstroom South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petrus J. 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