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However, the induction, risk factors, and important clinical symptoms of breakthrough infection and reinfection of Mpox virus (MPXV), as well as the factors affecting the effectiveness of Mpox vaccine are not characterized. Herein, a literature review was preformed to summarize the risk factors and important clinical symptoms of patients with Mpox breakthrough infection or reinfection, as well as the factors affecting the effectiveness of smallpox vaccine against Mpox. Results showed that MSM sexual behavior, condomless sexual behavior, multiple sexual partners, close contact, HIV infection, and the presence of comorbidity are important risk factors for Mpox breakthrough infection and reinfection. Genital ulcers, proctitis, and lymphadenopathy are the important clinical symptoms of Mpox breakthrough infection and reinfection. The effectiveness of emergent vaccination of smallpox vaccine for post\u2010exposure of MPXV is associated with smallpox vaccination history, interval between exposure and vaccination, and history of HIV infection. This review provides a better understanding for the risk factors and important clinical symptoms of Mpox breakthrough infection and reinfection, as well as the formulation of Mpox vaccine vaccination strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]],"date-time":"2024-02-13T09:23:58Z","timestamp":1707816238000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Breakthrough infection and reinfection in patients with mpox"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Wenyi","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wound Healing Basic Research and Clinical Application Key Laboratory of LuZhou School of Nursing Southwest Medical University  Luzhou Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yibo","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology School of Medicine Nankai University  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wound Healing Basic Research and Clinical Application Key Laboratory of LuZhou School of Nursing Southwest Medical University  Luzhou Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lingli","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wound Healing Basic Research and Clinical Application Key Laboratory of LuZhou School of Nursing Southwest Medical University  Luzhou Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wound Healing Basic Research and Clinical Application Key Laboratory of LuZhou School of Nursing Southwest Medical University  Luzhou Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy Southwest Medical University  Luzhou Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Congxia","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wound Healing Basic Research and Clinical Application Key Laboratory of LuZhou School of Nursing Southwest Medical University  Luzhou Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6874-4714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jihui","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wound Healing Basic Research and Clinical Application Key Laboratory of LuZhou School of Nursing Southwest Medical University  Luzhou Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2019.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","unstructured":"WHO.Mpox (Monkeypox). 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