{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T19:36:38Z","timestamp":1769456198577,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,10,3]],"date-time":"2001-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1002067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":32,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Reviews in Medical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dengue virus infections are a serious cause of morbidity and mortality in most tropical and subtropical areas of the world: mainly Southeast and South Asia, Central and South America, and the Caribbean. Understanding the pathogenesis of dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF), the severe form of dengue illness, is a very important and challenging research subject. Viral virulence and immune responses have been considered as two major factors responsible for the pathogenesis. Virological studies are attempting to define the molecular basis of viral virulence. The immunopathological mechanisms appear to include a complex series of immune responses. A rapid increase in the levels of cytokines and chemical mediators apparently plays a key role in inducing plasma leakage, shock and haemorrhagic manifestations. It is likely that the entire process is initiated by infection with a so\u2010called virulent dengue virus, often with the help of enhancing antibodies in secondary infection, and then triggered by rapidly elevated cytokines and chemical mediators produced by intense immune activation. However, understanding of the DHF pathogenesis is not complete. We still have a long way to go. Copyright \u00a9 2001 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,25]],"date-time":"2002-08-25T04:30:39Z","timestamp":1030249839000},"page":"301-311","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Dengue fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever: challenges of controlling an enemy still at large"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ichiro","family":"Kurane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomohiko","family":"Takasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.3.4.376"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","first-page":"1830","volume-title":"Infectious Diseases","author":"Halstead SB","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","first-page":"12","volume-title":"Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever: Diagnosis, Treatment and Control","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","first-page":"89","volume-title":"Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever","author":"George R","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","first-page":"133","volume-title":"Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever","author":"Nimmannitya S","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","first-page":"99","volume-title":"Proceedings of International Kilmer Memorial Conference of the Sterilization of Medical Products","author":"Nimmannitya S","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.3.480"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","first-page":"137","article-title":"Global epidemiology of dengue: Health systems in disarray","volume":"35","author":"Halstead SB","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trop Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.7.2395"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever","author":"Halstead SB","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.146.1.218"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1967.11686519"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","first-page":"463","article-title":"Immunofluorescence study of skin rashes in patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever","volume":"103","author":"Boonpucucknavig S","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch Path Lab Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","first-page":"406","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever 1982","author":"Yoksan S","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.6.5201-5206.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/77553"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","first-page":"718","article-title":"B cells are the principal circulating mononuclear cells infected by dengue virus","volume":"30","author":"King AD","year":"1999","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(200004)60:4<425::AID-JMV10>3.0.CO;2-A"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01314622"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.63.71"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6338","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.11.6338","article-title":"Dengue virus infection of human endothelial cells leads to chemokine production, complement activation, and apoptosis","volume":"161","author":"Avirutnan P","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1977.26.337","article-title":"The emperor's new clothes revisited, or reflections on the pathogenesis of dengue hemorrhagic fever","volume":"26","author":"Rosen L","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(90)90102-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1997.8504"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.58.96"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)04015-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.6.4738-4747.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","first-page":"468","article-title":"Molecular and in vitro analysis of eight dengue type 2 viruses isolated from patients exhibiting different disease severities","volume":"244","author":"Mandgada MN","year":"1998","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","first-page":"729","article-title":"Infection of dengue 2 virus strains isolated from patients exhibiting different disease severities to human peripheral blood leukocytes and production of cytokines in the infected culture supernatant","volume":"30","author":"Soemanto BE","year":"1999","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2000.tb02480.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_2","first-page":"266","article-title":"Molecular evolution, distribution and genetic relationship among the dengue 2 viruses isolated from different clinical severity","volume":"31","author":"Pandey BD","year":"2000","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-625380-1.50010-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3277268"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_2","first-page":"273","volume-title":"Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever","author":"Kurane I","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1988.38.172"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113932"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.56.566"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1990.42.179"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/265739a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.146.1.201"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1980010405"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/140.4.527"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1989.40.444"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1988.38.411"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315215"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_2","first-page":"59","article-title":"Immunopathologic mechanisms of dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Kurane I","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Virol (Suppl)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1999.9656"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115457"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1993.48.324","article-title":"Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha (TNF\u2010alpha), interleukin\u20106(IL\u20106), and interleukin\u20101 beta (IL\u20101 beta) in dengue\u2010infected patients","volume":"48","author":"Hober D","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761994000200010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199811)56:3<280::AID-JMV18>3.0.CO;2-I"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199803)54:3<210::AID-JMV12>3.0.CO;2-L"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/517807"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(98)90800-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314680"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199911)59:3<329::AID-JMV12>3.0.CO;2-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761999000300019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2000.tb01470.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.6.4226-4232.1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.15.7146-7150.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.170.3.763"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3623","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.5.3623-3629.1999","article-title":"Bystander target cell lysis and cytokine production by dengue virus\u2010specific human CD4+ cytotoxic T\u2010lymphocyte clones","volume":"73","author":"Gagnon SJ","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_2","first-page":"316","article-title":"Complement and dengue hemorrhagic fever\/dengue shock syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Malasit P","year":"1987","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_2","first-page":"46","article-title":"Circulating immune complexes in serum from patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever","volume":"36","author":"Ruangjirachuporn W","year":"1979","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.144.6.2419","article-title":"Activation of the complement system during immunotherapywith recombinant IL\u20102. Relation to the development of side effects","volume":"144","author":"Thijs LG","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3999","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.5.3999-4004.1998","article-title":"Predominance of CTL responses to serotype crossreactive epitopes on nonstructural protein following natural secondary dengue virus infection","volume":"72","author":"Mathew A","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315072"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_2","first-page":"121","article-title":"Immunity and immunopathology in dengue virus infections","volume":"4","author":"Kurane I","year":"1992","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/smvy.1994.1050"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_2","first-page":"221","volume-title":"Antibody Responses to Dengue Virus Infection","author":"Innis BL","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0897-866"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.18713"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13550289709031189"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0897-828"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7246","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.10.7246-7252.1997","article-title":"Identification of two surface proteins from C6\/36 cells that bind dengue type 4 virus","volume":"71","author":"Salas\u2010Benito JS","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1097(98)00434-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.1.823-829.1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-0197(98)00031-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.18.8680-8691.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(00)00040-2"}],"container-title":["Reviews in Medical Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Frmv.324","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/rmv.324","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T19:40:59Z","timestamp":1696621259000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/rmv.324"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,9]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/rmv.324"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rmv.324","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1052-9276","1099-1654"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1052-9276","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1654","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,9]]}}}